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. 2023 Jul 7;11:1225937. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1225937

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Copyright © 2023 Wang, Fei, Ma, Zhu, Zhang, Li and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Colony of 4T1 cells treated with different formulations and the irradiation dose was 4 Gy (B) CLSM images of DCFH-DA-stained 4T1 cells after treatment with different formulations. Scale bars: 20 μm (C) Detection of 4T1 cells’ DNA damage through immunofluorescence staining of γ-H₂AX, induced by different formulations. Scale bars: 20 μm (D) Dark cytotoxicity of CH on 4T1 cells (E) In vitro cytotoxicity of different formulations against 4T1 cells (F) Corresponding quantitative analysis of ROS generation in 3A. ***p < 0.005; Student’s t-test.