Table 1.

Characteristics of older adults (age ≥65 y) with versus without COVID-19 before and after propensity-score matching

	Before matching			After matching
	COVID-19 Cohort	Non-COVID-19 Cohort	SMD	COVID-19 Cohort	Non-COVID-19 Cohort	SMD
Total number	410,748	5,834,534		410,478	410,478
Age (y, mean ± SD)	73.7 ± 7.75	73.0 ± 7.34	0.10*	73.7 ± 7.75	73.7 ± 7.75	<0.001
Sex (%)
Female	53.6	55.6	0.04	53.6	53.6	<0.001
Male	46.6	44.4	0.04	46.6	46.6	<0.001
Ethnicity (%)
Hispanic	6.7	3.5	0.15*	6.7	6.7	<0.001
Not Hispanic	68.9	63.5	0.11*	68.9	68.9	<0.001
Unknown	24.4	33.0	0.19*	24.4	24.4	<0.001
Race (%)
Asian	1.6	1.7	0.002	1.6	1.6	0.001
Black	10.0	7.8	0.08	10.0	10.0	<0.001
White	75.3	74.1	0.03	75.3	75.4	<0.001
Unknown	12.5	16.0	0.10	12.5	12.5	<0.001
Adverse socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances (%)	13.2	2.9	0.39*	13.2	13.2	<0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension	59.4	44.5	0.30*	59.4	59.4	<0.001
Overweight and obesity	23.0	14.4	0.22*	23.0	23.1	<0.001
Type 2 diabetes	30.4	17.9	0.29*	30.4	30.4	<0.001
Depression	22.1	11.5	0.29*	22.1	22.2	<0.001
Hearing loss	5.9	4.9	0.04	5.9	5.8	0.002
Traumatic brain injury	3.3	1.5	0.12*	3.3	3.1	0.007
Tobacco smoking	10.6	7.5	0.11*	10.6	10.6	<0.001
Heavy alcohol drinking	3.8	2.2	0.10*	3.8	3.8	0.003

COVID-19 cohort—contracted COVID-19 between 2/2020–5/2021. Non-COVID-19 cohort—had no documented COVID-19 but had medical encounters with healthcare organizations between 2/2020–5/2021. Self-identified race and ethnicity as recorded in the TriNetX electronic health records database were included because they have been associated with both infection risk and severe outcomes of COVID-19. SMD, standardized mean differences.

^*SMD greater than 0.1, a threshold being recommended for declaring imbalance.