Table 4.
Bioaccumulation of copper in maize leaves under different treatments and its effect on manganese and zinc concentration.
| S. No | Treatment | Cu concentration (mg kg−1 Dry weight)* | Mn concentration (mg kg−1 Dry weight)* | Zn concentration (mg kg−1 Dry weight)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ST (EGC) @250 mg L−1 | 21.210 ± 0.593k | 6.407 ± 0.546de | 12.390 ± 0.162ghi |
| 2 | ST (EGC) @500 mg L−1 | 25.690 ± 0.421j | 6.687 ± 0.748de | 11.970 ± 0.359hi |
| 3 | ST (EGC) @1,000 mg L−1 | 65.110 ± 0.404i | 3.187 ± 0.141g | 9.850 ± 0.203jkl |
| 4 | ST (CuNPs) @1,000 mg L−1 | 64.517 ± 0.619i | 5.953 ± 0.290e | 9.625 ± 0.169kl |
| 5 | ST (EO) @100 mg L−1 | 9.413 ± 0.465l | 7.280 ± 0.398de | 15.225 ± 0.398d |
| 6 | FS (EGC) @250 mg L−1 | 76.687 ± 2.067h | 9.973 ± 0.458bc | 14.595 ± 0.571de |
| 7 | FS (EGC) @500 mg L−1 | 140.777 ± 0.566f | 6.440 ± 0.081de | 12.635 ± 0.613fgh |
| 8 | FS (EGC) @1,000 mg L−1 | 329.827 ± 4.099c | 5.543 ± 0.242ef | 10.885 ± 0.429ijk |
| 9 | FS (CuNPs) @1,000 mg L−1 | 306.430 ± 1.961d | 8.217 ± 0.217cd | 13.580 ± 0.199efg |
| 10 | FS (EO) @1,000 mg L−1 | 9.060 ± 0.323l | 12.493 ± 0.604a | 14.093 ± 0.088def |
| 11 | ST+FS (EGC) @250 mg L−1 | 97.380 ± 1.961g | 6.965 ± 0.273de | 11.270 ± 0.076hij |
| 12 | ST+FS (EGC) @500 mg L−1 | 180.640 ± 0.374e | 3.815 ± 0.264fg | 8.575 ± 0.187l |
| 13 | ST+FS (EGC) @1,000 mg L−1 | 375.795 ± 0.177b | 3.780 ± 0.210fg | 8.645 ± 0.193l |
| 14 | ST+FS (CuNPs) @1,000 mg L−1 | 399.950 ± 1.957a | 3.500 ± 0.150g | 14.595 ± 0.107de |
| 15 | ST+FS (EO) @1,000 mg L−1 | 8.717 ± 0.061l | 9.663 ± 0.291bc | 14.595 ± 0.107de |
| 16 | Absolute control (Water Spray) | 10.570 ± 0.205l | 13.300 ± 0.153a | 23.975 ± 0.158a |
| 17 | Manc @2,000 mg L−1 | 10.957 ± 0.205l | 10.535 ± 0.247b | 17.500 ± 0.203c |
| 18 | NC (Pathogen only) | 11.353 ± 0.267l | 12.600 ± 0.351a | 19.425 ± 0.122b |
*Data are the mean of two different seasons with three replications. Data (mean ± standard errors) followed by different letters in each column indicate a significant difference (Tukey HSD, p ≤ 0.05). ST, seed treatment; FS, foliar spray; EGC, EO-grafted CuNPs; EO, essential oil (clove oil); Manc, mancozeb 75% WP; NC, negative control.