. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 21.

Published in final edited form as: Eur J Psychol Assess. 2022 Jun 1;39(3):165–175. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000707

Table 1.

Summary of Goodness-of-Fit Statistics for All Latent Measurement Models

Model	Descriptions	$χ^{2}$	df	RMSEA	CFI	TLI
A	One-factor CFA	460.999^***	119	0.052	0.874	0.856
B	Three-factor CFA	383.686^***	116	0.046	0.901	0.884
C	Hierarchical CFA	Non-positive definite covariance matrices
D	Bifactor CFA	Non-positive definite covariance matrices
E	Three-factor ESEM	126.678^**	88	0.020	0.986	0.978
F	Bifactor ESEM	89.492	74	0.014	0.994	0.990
G	MIMIC (null)	440.295^***	108	0.053	0.879	0.810
H	MIMIC (saturated)	88.488	74	0.013	0.995	0.988
I	MIMIC (fully invariant)	137.630^**	100	0.019	0.986	0.977

Note. $χ^{2}$ = chi square; df = degrees of freedom; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Tucker–Lewis index.

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001.