. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 21.

Published in final edited form as: Rev High Ed. 2019 Winter;42(2):385–426. doi: 10.1353/rhe.2019.0001

Table 2.

Comparison of Treatment and Control in Unmatched and Matched Data: Covariate Means

	Engagement Experience
	Faculty Social		Clubs		Study Group		Clubs
Covariate	T	C	T	C	T	C	T	C
Logged Income	9.962	10.032	9.989	10.058	9.943	10.054^*	9.941	10.022
	9.967	9.977	9.991	10.010	9.946	9.956	9.943	9.930
Pell Grant ($1000)	0.834	0.672^***	0.814	0.519^***	0.833	0.648^***	0.922	0.689^***
	0.828	0.803^***	0.814	0.752^***	0.829	0.808^***	0.919	0.913^**
Parent: No College	0.396	0.450^***	0.414	0.478^***	0.397	0.458^***	0.390	0.441^**
	0.397	0.396^**	0.414	0.415^***	0.398	0.400^***	0.391	0.388
Parent: Up to Two Years	0.231	0.227	0.233	0.216	0.228	0.228	0.224	0.229
	0.231	0.230	0.233	0.235	0.228	0.229	0.224	0.227
Parent: Up to Four Years	0.065	0.059	0.064	0.054	0.068	0.056^*	0.057	0.061
	0.065	0.067	0.064	0.063	0.067	0.067	0.057	0.062
Parent: Bachelor’s Degree	0.175	0.162	0.171	0.154	0.180	0.157^*	0.190	0.162^*
	0.175	0.178	0.171	0.170	0.180	0.181^*	0.190	0.185
Parent: Advanced Degree	0.133	0.102^***	0.118	0.097^*	0.127	0.101^**	0.138	0.107^**
	0.132	0.129^**	0.118	0.118^*	0.126	0.124^*	0.137	0.138
Parents Own Home	0.778	0.754^*	0.761	0.762	0.761	0.761	0.787	0.757^*
	0.779	0.774	0.761	0.764	0.761	0.761	0.788	0.787
Single Parent	0.485	0.567^***	0.527	0.577^***	0.545	0.541	0.412	0.563^***
	0.486	0.489^***	0.527	0.526^***	0.546	0.545	0.412	0.423^***
White	0.622	0.658^**	0.650	0.641	0.618	0.666^***	0.624	0.651
	0.622	0.628	0.651	0.657	0.619	0.626^**	0.624	0.619
Black	0.174	0.152^*	0.162	0.152	0.177	0.147^**	0.168	0.157
	0.174	0.172	0.162	0.160	0.177	0.174	0.168	0.171
Asian	0.044	0.036	0.040	0.035	0.042	0.036	0.071	0.033^***
	0.044	0.044	0.040	0.040	0.042	0.042	0.071	0.068^***
Other Race	0.128	0.122	0.115	0.142^**	0.129	0.120	0.110	0.126
	0.128	0.126	0.115	0.11^**	0.129	0.128	0.110	0.110
Hispanic	0.144	0.150	0.138	0.17^**	0.149	0.148	0.136	0.150
	0.144	0.143	0.138	0.137^**	0.149	0.150	0.135	0.137
Female	0.542	0.585^**	0.577	0.563	0.592	0.560^*	0.553	0.575
	0.542	0.543^**	0.577	0.567	0.591	0.591^*	0.554	0.552
Age	21.025	22.638^***	21.774	22.984^***	21.822	22.376^**	20.174	22.466^***
	21.032	21.015^***	21.775	21.782^***	21.826	21.897^**	20.176	20.348^***
Parental Support	0.567	0.469^***	0.530	0.432^***	0.535	0.475^***	0.623	0.479^***
	0.566	0.563^***	0.529	0.529^***	0.534	0.531^***	0.623	0.618^***
Married	0.114	0.187^***	0.149	0.200^***	0.148	0.177^**	0.093	0.177^***
	0.114	0.115^***	0.149	0.146^***	0.148	0.151^**	0.093	0.098^***
Children	0.126	0.175^***	0.157	0.168	0.155	0.164	0.100	0.170^***
	0.126	0.128^***	0.157	0.156	0.155	0.156	0.100	0.104^**
Financially Dependent	0.702	0.602^***	0.662	0.568^***	0.650	0.620^*	0.748	0.614^***
	0.701	0.699^***	0.662	0.661^***	0.650	0.647^*	0.748	0.739^***
GED	0.108	0.141^***	0.125	0.147^*	0.131	0.132	0.108	0.135^*
	0.109	0.111^**	0.125	0.126^*	0.131	0.134	0.108	0.111^*
High School GPA	2.859	2.811^**	2.840	2.795^**	2.862	2.802^***	2.931	2.809^***
	2.858	2.854^*	2.840	2.836^*	2.861	2.857^**	2.930	2.917^***
AP Credit	0.102	0.060^***	0.080	0.057^**	0.084	0.065^**	0.118	0.065^***
	0.101	0.096^***	0.080	0.078^**	0.083	0.080^*	0.118	0.110^***
High School Math	2.688	2.453^***	2.574	2.413^***	2.643	2.446^***	2.883	2.467^***
	2.686	2.678^***	2.574	2.564^***	2.641	2.628^***	2.882	2.837^***
Public High School	0.904	0.917	0.910	0.921	0.918	0.910	0.882	0.918^***
	0.904	0.906	0.910	0.917	0.918	0.918	0.883	0.894^**
Live on Campus	0.103	0.040^***	0.069	0.038^***	0.083	0.044^***	0.155	0.044^***
	0.101	0.095^***	0.069	0.062^***	0.082	0.069^***	0.154	0.145^***
Full-Time	0.735	0.637^***	0.706	0.580^***	0.731	0.624^***	0.845	0.639^***
	0.735	0.728^***	0.706	0.705^***	0.731	0.732^***	0.845	0.833^***
Distance Home	24.594	20.247^***	22.279	19.918^*	23.376	20.347^**	27.387	20.641^***
	24.594	23.831^*	22.221	21.236	23.227	22.005^*	27.387	26.933^*
Enrollment Size	7886.5	8414.7^**	8147.3	8495.3	8241.1	8269.4	7460.4	8380.9^***
	7895.9	7962.6^*	8145.6	8199.3	8229.7	8213.1	7461.8	7677.7^**
Percent Minority	30.826	32.368^**	31.027	33.799^***	32.439	31.575	30.325	32.155^*
	30.865	30.977^*	31.030	31.262^***	32.407	32.387	30.332	30.878^*
Percent Federal Funding	38.924	38.444	38.579	38.601	38.643	38.550	39.514	38.444
	38.906	38.771	38.581	38.504	38.641	38.659	39.526	39.460
Undeclared	0.310	0.349^**	0.315	0.386^***	0.317	0.350^**	0.283	0.346^***
	0.310	0.341	0.315	0.366^**	0.317	0.334	0.283	0.332
Humanities	0.063	0.061	0.066	0.053^*	0.060	0.063	0.098	0.056^***
	0.063	0.068	0.066	0.058	0.060	0.067	0.098	0.061^**
Social/Behavioral	0.027	0.027	0.030	0.020^*	0.032	0.024	0.036	0.025
	0.027	0.029	0.030	0.022	0.031	0.025	0.036	0.029
Life Science	0.024	0.017^*	0.020	0.016	0.024	0.016^*	0.029	0.018^*
	0.024	0.019	0.020	0.017	0.024	0.018	0.029	0.024
Physical Science	0.004	0.003	0.004	0.003	0.005	0.002	0.006	0.003
	0.004	0.005	0.004	0.004	0.005	0.002	0.006	0.005
Math	0.003	0.002	0.003	0.000	0.002	0.002	0.003	0.002
	0.003	0.002	0.003	0.000	0.002	0.002	0.003	0.003
Computer/Information	0.042	0.041	0.041	0.042	0.042	0.040	0.046	0.040
	0.042	0.042	0.041	0.043	0.042	0.039	0.046	0.041
Engineering	0.027	0.034	0.030	0.038	0.030	0.034	0.034	0.032
	0.027	0.036^*	0.030	0.039	0.030	0.034	0.034	0.035
Education	0.068	0.052^**	0.064	0.040^***	0.061	0.053	0.073	0.054^*
	0.068	0.052^*	0.064	0.043^**	0.061	0.056	0.073	0.053
Business/Management	0.116	0.117	0.116	0.117	0.112	0.119	0.108	0.118
	0.116	0.119	0.116	0.118	0.112	0.120	0.108	0.122
Health	0.166	0.167	0.174	0.152^*	0.186	0.155^**	0.138	0.171^*
	0.166	0.157	0.174	0.157	0.186	0.164	0.139	0.164
Vocational/Technical	0.044	0.040	0.039	0.046	0.034	0.046^*	0.029	0.043
	0.043	0.041	0.039	0.044	0.034	0.041	0.029	0.040
Other Professional	0.108	0.089^*	0.098	0.087	0.095	0.095	0.116	0.092^*
	0.108	0.088^*	0.098	0.089	0.095	0.095	0.116	0.092^*
Hours Worked	19.128	21.535^***	19.911	22.769^***	19.762	21.500^***	17.143	21.388^***
	19.133	20.408	19.914	21.324	19.783	20.223	17.123	19.009
Job Related to Major	0.111	0.108^***	0.112	0.102	0.109	0.109	0.103	0.110
	0.111	0.101	0.112	0.096	0.109	0.105	0.104	0.099
Remedial Courses	1.894	1.782	1.907	1.619^***	1.856	1.789	1.796	1.818
	1.896	1.762	1.907	1.669^**	1.856	1.850	1.798	1.763
N	2,070	4,940	4,770	2,240	4,260	2,750	940	6,070

Notes: N= 7,010. For each covariate, the table displays the means prior to matching over means after matching.

N denotes the pre-matching sample size. A small number of observations were off the common support: Faculty social: 15 cases (10 control, 5 treatment), Faculty Academic: 3 (2 control, 1 treatment), Study Groups: 12 (8 control, 4 treatment), Clubs: 60 (59 control, 1 treatment).

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