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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: Rev High Ed. 2019 Winter;42(2):385–426. doi: 10.1353/rhe.2019.0001

Table 4.

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Engagement Experiences: Predicted ProbabilitiesA and Effect SizesB

Engagement Experience (Treatment)
Outcome Faculty Social Faculty Academic Study Group Clubs
Unweighted Regressions:
  First-Year GPA 0.057 (0.027) 0.054 0.069** (0.027) 0.065 0.043† (0.025) 0.041 0.084* (0.037) 0.081
  Retained into Second Year 0.018† (0.010) 0.299 0.047*** (0.011) 0.916 0.038*** (0.009) 0.745 0.045*** (0.012) 0.854
  Associate Degree 0.006 (0.011) 0.092 0.066*** (0.011) 0.962 0.019† (0.010) 0.236 0.011 (0.014) 0.143
  Transfer to Four-Year College −0.013 (0.010) −0.256 0.019† (0.010) 0.353 0.006 (0.009) 0.108 −0.001 (0.012) −0.014
Propensity Score Weighted Regressions:
  First-Year GPA 0.048† (0.026) 0.046 0.079** (0.028) 0.076 0.042† (0.024) 0.041 0.065† (0.035) 0.062
  Retained into Second Year 0.012 (0.014) 0.149 0.046** (0.014) 0.723 0.031* (0.013) 0.441 0.026 (0.018) 0.363
  Associate Degree 0.006 (0.011) 0.089 0.065*** (0.010) 1.042 0.015 (0.010) 0.217 0.011 (0.015) 0.162
  Transfer to Four-Year College −0.013 (0.009) −0.274 0.019* (0.009) 0.375 0.007 (0.009) 0.125 0.005 (0.014) 0.104

Notes: N= 7,010. The table presents the average treatment effect in predicted probabilities with standard errors in parentheses, followed by the effect size. The effect of each engagement experience was obtained through separate analytic models on distinct treatment and control groups. A complete set of regression coefficients are available in Appendix A.

a

To interpret the impact in terms of predicted probabilities, it is useful to see control means for each outcomes: First-year GPA: Faculty Social= 2.664, Faculty Academic=2.644, Study Groups=2.661, Clubs=2.658; Retention into second year of college: Faculty Social= 0.164, Faculty Academic=0.126, Study Groups=0.158, Clubs=0.166; Associate degree: Faculty Social= 0.222, Faculty Academic= 0.167, Study Groups= 0.221, Clubs= 0.225; Transferring to a four-year college: Faculty Social= 0.163, Faculty Academic= 0.135, Study Groups= 0.157, Clubs= 0.161.

b

Effect size was calculated using a pooled standard deviation (Cohen, 1988); see Appendix B for formula.

†

p<.1

*

p<.05

**

p<.01

***

p<.001