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Possible pathways of osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency. (OC, osteoblast; OB, osteoblast; OCP, osteoclast precursor; BMSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; M-SCF:; ROS, reactive oxygen species).
