. 2023 Jun 21;15(6):e40759. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40759

Table 4. Factors associated with smartphone addiction (SAS-SV score) and sleep quality (PSQI score).

*A higher SAS-SV score indicates higher smartphone addiction; a higher PSQI score indicates lower sleep quality.

Variable	Categories	SAS-SV score	P value	PSQI score	P value
Age (in years)	Spearman's rho	0.024	0.649	-0.002	0.970
Average no. of hours/day spent on mobile phones	Spearman's rho	0.331	<0.001	0.239	<0.001
		Mean ± SD		Mean ± SD
Gender	Male	37.6 ± 10.9	0.042	5.9 ± 3.1	0.056
Gender	Female	40.0 ± 10.3	0.042	6.5 ± 2.7	0.056
Educational level	1st year	39.7 ± 10.6	0.211	5.8 ± 2.8	0.531
	2nd year	37.4 ± 10.6		6.3 ± 3.2
	3rd year	38.5 ± 11.2		6.1 ± 2.7
School type	Government	38.9 ± 10.6	0.097	6.1 ± 2.9	0.170
	Private	35.1 ± 2.0		5.8 ± 3.4
	Others	38.0 ± 5.3		7.6 ± 0.9
Educational path	Common first year	39.6 ± 10.4	0.231	6.7 ± 3.4	0.425
	General	38.7 ± 10.5		6.0 ± 2.9
	Computer science and engineering	32.4 ± 9.7		6.7 ± 3.9
	Health and life	36.3 ± 12.4		5.8 ± 3.3
	Course system	38.4 ± 13.0		7.5 ± 3.3
	Literature	43.7 ± 13.4		7.3 ± 2.4
	Scientific	32.0 ± 9.4		5.6 1.1
Marital status	Single	38.4 ± 10.7	0.834	6.1 ± 2.9	0.068
Marital status	Married	39.3 ± 14.2	0.834	4.0 ± 1.4	0.068
Living place	With parents	37.9 ± 11.0	0.036	6.0 ± 2.9	0.252
	With one of the parents	41.9 ± 7.8		6.9 ± 3.4
	Others	42.2 ± 12.2		5.5 ± 2.1
Monthly family income (in Saudi riyal (SAR))	<5,000	38.8 ± 10.6	0.341	6.5 ± 2.8	0.016
	5,000-10,000	39.2 ± 10.5		5.8 ± 3.0
	>10,000	37.1 ± 11.3		5.6 ± 3.1
Chronic disease	Yes	40.2 ± 11.7	0.150	6.8 ± 3.2	0.058
Chronic disease	No	38.1 ± 10.6	0.150	6.0 ± 2.9	0.058
Having caffeine less than six hours before bedtime	Yes	40.4 ± 10.2	0.001	6.8 ± 2.9	<0.001
Having caffeine less than six hours before bedtime	No	36.6 ± 11.0	0.001	5.5 ± 2.8	<0.001
Regular sports activity	Yes	35.8 ± 10.8	0.003	5.7 ± 2.8	0.134
Regular sports activity	No	39.5 ± 10.6	0.003	6.2 ± 2.9	0.134