Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample.
| Female (n = 127; 54.7%) | Male (n = 105; 45.3%) | Total sample (N = 232) | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age median (mean ± SD) | 21 (23.0 ± 5.3) | 22 (23.6 ± 5.3) | 22 (23.2 ± 5.3) | U = 6,109.5, p = 0.271; r=0.072 |
| Education years median (mean ± SD) | 13 (13.9 ± 2.4) | 13 (13.3 ± 2.7) | 13 (13.6 ± 2.6) | U = 5,868.0, p = 0.113; r=0.104 |
| Country n (%) | χ2(4) = 18.242, p = 0.001; V = 0.280 | |||
| Germany | 74 (58.3%) | 49 (46.7%) | 123 (53.0%) | |
| England | 13 (10.2%) | 6 (5.7%) | 19 (8.2%) | |
| Switzerland | 3 (2.4%) | 18 (17.1%) | 21 (9.0 %) | |
| Finland | 18 (14.2%) | 11 (10.5%) | 29 (12.5 %) | |
| Italy | 19 (15.0%) | 21 (20.0) | 40 (17.2 %) | |
| Religion n (%) | χ2(4) = 6.526, p = 0.163; V = 0.168 | |||
| Atheists | 47 (37.0%) | 46 (43.8%) | 93 (40.0%) | |
| Christians | 66 (52.0%) | 55 (52.4%) | 121 (52.1%) | |
| Other (55.6% Muslims) | 14 (11.0%) | 4 (3.8%) | 18 (7.8%) | |
| Marital status n (%) | χ2(3) = 5.215, p = 0.157; V = 0.150 | |||
| Single | 86 (67.7%) | 83 (79.0%) | 169 (72.8%) | |
| Married | 6 (4.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 7 (3.0%) | |
| Steady partnership | 34 (26.8%) | 20 (19.0%) | 54 (23.3 %) | |
| Divorced | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Occupation n (%) | χ2(1) = 19.202, p = 0.024; V = 0.288 | |||
| Full-time (incl. in school/training, full-time house-keeper) | 79 (62.2%) | 64 (60.9%) | 143 (61.6%) | |
| Part-time (incl. others) | 11 (4.7%) | 8 (7.6%) | 19 (8.2%) | |
| Unemployed/unable to work | 37 (29.1%) | 33 (31.4%) | 70 (30.2%) | |
| Current mental disorder n (%) | ||||
| Any disorders | 99 (78.0%) | 72 (68.6%) | 171 (73.7%) | χ2(1) = 2.2610, p = 0.134; V=0.106* |
| Mood disorder | 68 (53.5%) | 49 (46.7%) | 117 (50.4%) | χ2(1) = 1.087, p = 0.356; V=0.068* |
| Anxiety disorder | 49 (38.6%) | 23 (21.9%) | 72 (31.0%) | χ2(1) = 7.470, p = 0.007; V=0.179* |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 12 (9.4%) | 8 (7.6%) | 20 (8.6%) | χ2(1) = 0.224, p = 0.686; V=0.032* |
| Somatization disorder | 6 (4.7%) | 7 (6.7%) | 13 (5.6%) | χ2(1) = 0.410, p = 0.575; V=0.042* |
| Other disorders (e.g., eating or stress-related disorders) | 16 (12.6%) | 5 (4.8%) | 21 (9.0%) | χ2(1) = 4.288, p = 0.041; V=0.136* |
| CHR criteria n (%) | χ2(9) = 10.957, p = 0.279; V = 0.217 | |||
| GRFD only | 6 (4.7%) | 4 (3.8%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| GRFD + COGDIS | 2 (1.6%) | 5 (4.8%) | 7 (3.0%) | |
| GRFD + APS | 2 (1.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | 5 (2.1%) | |
| GRFD + APS + COGDIS | 4 (3.1%) | 9 (8.6%) | 13 (5.6%) | |
| COGDIS only | 28 (22.0%) | 29 (27.6%) | 57 (24.6%) | |
| COGDIS + APS | 41 (32.3%) | 20 (19.0%) | 61 (26.3%) | |
| COGDIS + BIPS | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| APS only | 40 (31.5%) | 32 (30.5%) | 72 (31.0%) | |
| APS + BIPS | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| BIPS only | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| APS n (%) | 88 (69.3%) | 65 (61.9%) | 153 (65.9%) | χ2(1) = 1.397, p = 0.267; V = 0.078* |
| BIPS n (%) | 4 (3.1%) | 3 (2.9%) | 7 (3.0%) | χ2(1) = 0.017, p = 0.897; V = 0.009 |
| COGDIS n (%) | 76 (59.8%) | 63 (60.0%) | 139 (41.9%) | χ2(1) = 0.001, p = 1.000; V = 0.002* |
| GRFD n (%) | 14 (11.0%) | 21 (20.0%) | 35 (15.0%) | χ2(1)=3.615, p = 0.066; V = 0.125* |
| Schizotypal PD n (%) | 4 (3.1%) | 11 (10.5%) | 15 (6.5%) | χ2(1) = 5.102, p = 0.024; V = 0.148 |
| Positive family history of psychosis n (%) | 18 (14.2%) | 16 (15.2%) | 34 (14.7%) | χ2(1) = 0.052, p = 0.819; V = 0.015 |
| GF-S median (mean ± SD) | 6 (6.63 ± 1.478) | 6 (6.23 ± 1.429) | 6 (6.30 ± 1.455) | U = 6,170.0, p = 0.315; r = 0.066 |
| GF-R median (mean ± SD) | 6 (5.83 ± 1.773) | 6 (5.71 ± 1.752) | 6 (5.78 ± 1.749) | U = 6,431.5, p = 0.637; r = −0.030 |
| SIPS-P1 severity median (mean ± SD) | 3 (2.22 ± 2.093) | 0 (1.93 ± 2.053) | 3 (2.09 ± 2.076) | U = 6,180.5, p = 0.307; r = 0.067 |
| SIPS-P2 severity median (mean ± SD) | 0 (1.77 ± 2.071) | 0 (1.77 ± 2.039) | 0 (1.77 ± 2.052) | U = 6,664.5, p = 0.995; r = −0.004 |
| SIPS-P3 severity median (mean ± SD) | 0 (0.13 ± 0.713) | 0 (0.37 ± 1.171) | 0 (0.24 ± 0.953) | U = 6,244.0, p = 0.044; r = −0.132 |
| SIPS-P4 severity median (mean ± SD) | 3 (2.03 ± 2.055) | 0 (1.39 ± 1.968) | 0 (1.74 ± 2.037) | U = 5,569.0, p = 0.017; r = −0.156 |
| SIPS-P5 severity median (mean ± SD) | 0 (0.70 ± 1.460) | 0 (0.73 ± 1.619) | 0 (0.72 ± 1.531) | U = 6,629.5, p = 0.913; r = −0.007 |
*Fisher's test, used when any expected cell frequency was < 5. GRFD, Genetic risk and functional deterioration; COGDIS, Cognitive Disturbances; APS, Attenuated psychotic symptoms; BIPS, Brief limited psychotic symptoms; PD, Personality disorder; GF-S, Global Functioning—Social; GF-R, Global Functioning—Role; SIPS, Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes; SIPS-P1, Unusual thought content/delusional ideas; SIPS-P2, Suspiciousness/persecutory ideas; SIPS-P3, Grandiose ideas; SIPS-P4, Perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations; SIPS-5, Disorganized communication; V, Cramer's V with 0.1 = small effect, 0.3 = moderate effect, and 0.5 = large effect; r, Rosenthal's r with 0.1 = small effect, 0.3 = moderate effect, and 0.5 = large effect.