Table 2.

Effect of intervention and time on cognitive outcomes.

	Control group (n = 15)		Cogmed group (n = 17)		P			Effect size measurement
	Baseline	Post-training	Baseline	Post-training	Groups	Times	Groups*times	Cohen’s d effect size	Magnitude
Intention-to-treat analysis
Primary outcome
Working memory	0.31 ± 1.1	0.11 ± 1.1	−0.29 ± 0.82	−0.10 ± 0.97	0.07	0.72	0.12	0.21	Small
Secondary outcomes
Executive function	0.25 ± 0.93	0.21 ± 1.1	−0.22 ± 1.0	−0.18 ± 0.92	0.15	0.71	0.70	0.39	Small
Verbal memory	−0.15 ± 1.3	−0.40 ± 1.0	0.13 ± 0.65	0.37 ± 0.84	0.13	0.92	0.21	−0.82	Large
Visuospatial ability	0.18 ± 0.75	−0.17 ± 1.0	−0.16 ± 1.2	0.15 ± 0.97	0.92	0.60	0.04	−0.32	Small
Global cognition	0.26 ± 0.94	0.09 ± 0.89	−0.23 ± 1.0	−0.08 ± 1.11	0.15	0.57	0.50	0.17	Insignificant
Per-protocol analysis	Control group (n = 11)		Cogmed group (n = 13)
Primary outcome
Working memory	0.26 ± 1.2	−0.10 ± 1.1	−0.42 ± 0.88	−0.22 ± 1.1	0.12	0.53	0.08	0.12	Insignificant
Secondary outcomes
Executive function	0.27 ± 1.1	0.27 ± 1.2	−0.17 ± 1.2	−0.03 ± 0.98	0.20	0.86	0.61	0.29	Small
Verbal memory	−0.21 ± 1.4	−0.28 ± 1.0	0.12 ± 0.74	0.35 ± 0.92	0.30	0.67	0.56	−0.64	Moderate
Visuospatial ability	−0.01 ± 0.72	−0.24 ± 0.62	−0.03 ± 1.2	0.31 ± 1.02	0.23	0.94	0.12	−0.63	Moderate
Global cognition	0.30 ± 0.95	−0.17 ± 0.79	−0.04 ± 0.99	0.06 ± 1.2	0.49	0.18	0.19	−0.22	Small

p values from linear mixed model analysis for repeated measurements adjusted for age, sex, and education.

Cohen’s d effect size for differences between the groups in post-training measurement.

Mean ± SD of the composite Z-scores.