Table 5.
Candidate genes responsible for heat tolerance in dairy cattle breeds reared in tropical countries.
| Country | Dairy cattle breeds | Identification method | Candidate genes | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Holstein Friesian, Jersey | mRNA sequencing | HSF1, HSP70, HSP90, IL18, IFNγ, IFNβ, TNFα | Adaptation, heat tolerance, immune response | Velayudhan et al. (37) |
| Sahiwal, Karan Fries, Ladakhi, Holstein Friesian, Jersey | qRT-qPCR | HIF-alpha, EPAS1, SP70, HSP27 | Adaptation to HS conditions in cold and hot regions | Verma et al. (40) | |
| Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Gir, Ongole, Vechur, Kangayam, Hariana | Genome-wide scan for selection signatures | FAM19A2, RAB31P, BEST3, DGKA, AHCY, PIGU, PFKP | Immune response, metabolic pathway, glucose transportation and sugars, signaling pathways, cellular processes, cell division, glycolysis regulation and general adaptation to HS conditions | Dixit et al. (116) | |
| Hariana, Vrindavani | Genome wide scan | HSP90AA1, HSPB1, HSPD1, CALCOCO2, BAG2, HSP90AB1, HSPA4, MAPK3, ACOT7, HSPE1 | Immune response, Heat tolerance | Sajjanar et al. (109) | |
| China (Yunnan-Myanmar border) | Lincang | Whole genome sequencing | LIPH, IRAK3, GZMM, ELANE, MED16, DNAJC8, HSPA4 FILIP1L, HELB, BCL2L1, TPX2 | Immune response, parasite resistance, HS resistance | Sun et al. (107) |
| Brazil | Girolando, Holstein, Gir x Holstein | Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) | LIF, OSM, TXNRD2, DGCR8 | Regulation of cell survival after apoptotic stimuli, protection of cells from oxidative stress and general adaptation to heat stress conditions | Otto et al. (101) |
| Gir | Whole genome sequencing | AMH, KIRRELS, MAPK, CAMP, CATHL1, CATHL2, CATHL3 | Regulation of cell proliferation, gene expression, cellular response to osmotic stress and heat shock, cell survival, apoptosis, tick resistance | Liao et al. (117) | |
| Caracu Caldeano, Crioulo Lageano, and Pantaneiro | Genome wide assessment of copy number variations | BOLA-DQB, BOLA-DQA5, CD1A, TRBV3–1, DEFB13, DEFB7, PRG3, ULBP21 | Cattle adaptation to harsh climatic conditions, heat tolerance, immune response and ectoparasite resistance | Peripolli et al. (115) | |
| Criollo Limonero, Senepol, Carora, and Romosinuano | GWAS, Haplotype analysis, runs of homozygosity, and selection signatures | SLICK hair, PRLR, SKP2, SPEF2 | Heat tolerance | Huson et al. (118) | |
| Colombia | Caqueteño Creole | Selection signature | CMPK1, FOXD2, ULBP, KRTAP9-2 | Response to stress, tick resistance, thermotolerance between zebu and taurine breeds | Toro-Ospina et al. (119) |
| Kenya | East Africa Short Horn Zebu | Signature of selection | DNAJC8, DNAJC18, HSPA9, HSPB9 | Heat stress response | Bahbahani et al. (120) |
| Nigeria | White Fulani, Sokoto Gudali, Red Bororo, Ambala | qRT-PCR/HRMA | HSP70, HSP90 | Adaptability to heat stress | Onasanya et al. (111) |
| Ethiopia | Afar, Arsi, Bagaria, Bale, Begait, Boran, Choke, Fogera, Goffa, Horro, Mursi, Ogaden, Semien, Sheko, Butana, Kenana, Ankole, Muturu, N’Dama, Gir, Angus, Holstein | Whole genome sequencing | CHADL, CTNNA, MZB1, GNAS, ENSBTAG00000017475, MED, THRA, NR1D1, IL18, RARA, KIT, PLA2G2A, ITPR2, IL18, TRAF3IP2, PRKCZ, TBX21, IL4, SOAT1STING1, DNAJC18, BAG6 | Immune response, ion homeostasis, cell differentiation involved in immune response, coat color pigmentation and general adaptation to tropical environments | Terefe et al. (16) |
| Sudan | Kenana, Butana, Aryashai, Baggara, Gash and Fulani | Selection signatures | DNAJC18, HSPA9, LEMD3, MSRB3, TBC1D30, WIF1, MARCO, HOXC, ARHGAP26, IRAK3, NR3C1, FAAP20, MORN1, SK1, FAAP20, PEX10, PLCH2, PRKCZ, PLCH2, PRKCZ, RER1 | Heat stress response, immune response, body size and conformation, glucose homeostasis, insulin signaling and fat metabolism all associated with heat tolerance in hot and arid environments | Tijjani et al. (121) |
| South Africa | Nguni, Angus, and Holstein | Genome-wide scan for selection signatures | KRT222, KRT24, KRT25, KRT26, KRT27, HSPB9, CYM, CDC6, CDK10 | Immune response, adaptation to tropical environments | Makina et al. (122) |
HSF1, Heat shock transcription factor-1; HSP70, Heat shock proteins-70; HSP90, Heat shock proteins-90; IL18, Interleukin-18; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IFNβ, interferon beta; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; HIF-alpha, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; EPAS1, Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1; SP, specificity protein; FAM19A2, Family with sequence similarity 19; RAB31P, Ras-related protein Rab-31; BEST3, Bestrophin 3; DGKA, Diacylglycerol kinase alpha; AHCY, Adenosylhomocysteinase; PIGU, Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class U; PFKP, Phosphofructokinase; LIPH, Lipase member H-Homosapiens; IRAK3, Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 3; GZMM, Granzyme M; ELANE, Elastase neutrophil expressed; MED16, Mediator complex subunit 16; DNAJC8, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C8; FILIP1L, Filamin A interacting protein 1 like; HELB=DNA Helicase B; BCL2L1, BCL-2 protein family-like 1; TPX2, Targeting protein for Xklp2; LIF, Leukemia inhibitory factor; OSM, Oncostatin M; TXNRD2, Thioredoxin reductase 2; DGCR8, microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8; AMH, Anti-Mullerian Hormone; KIRRELS, Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; CAMP=Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide; CATHL1, Cathelicidin-1; CATHL2, Cathelicidin-2; CATHL3, Cathelicidin-3; BOLA-DQB, bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB; CD1A, Cluster of Differentiation 1a; TRBV3–1, T Cell Receptor Beta Variable 3–1; DEFB13, Defensin Beta 113; PRG3, Proteoglycan 3; ULBP21= UL16 binding protein 21; SLICK hair, mutation in a prolactin receptor; PRLR, prolactin receptor; SKP2, S-Phase Kinase Associated Protein 2; SPEF2, Sperm Flagellar 2; CMPK1, cytidine monophosphate kinase 1; FOXD2, Forkhead Box D2; KRTAP9-2, Keratin Associated Protein 9–2; CHADL, Chondroadherin Like; CTNNA, Catenin Alpha 1; MZB1, Marginal Zone B And B1 Cell Specific Protein; GNAS, guanine nucleotide binding protein; ENSBTAG00000017475, ENSEMBL gene ID ENSBTAG00000017475; MED, mediator complex; THRA, Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha; NR1D1, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1; RARA, Retinoic acid receptor alpha; KIT, receptor tyrosine kinase protein; PLA2G2A, Phospholipase A2 Group IIA; ITPR2, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2; TRAF3IP2, TRAF3 interacting protein 2; PRKCZ, Protein Coding Protein Kinase C Zeta; TBX21, T-box transcription factor 21; SOAT1STING1, stimulation of interferon cGAMP interactor; BAG6, BCL2-associated athanogene cochaperone 6; LEMD3, LEM domain containing 3; MSRB3, methionine sulfoxide reductase B3; TBC1D30, TBC1 domain family member 30; WIF1, Wnt inhibitory factor 1; MARCO, Macrophage Receptor With Collagenous Structure; HOXC, homeotic; ARHGAP26, Rho GTPase activating protein 26; NR3C1, nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group c member 1; FAAP20, FA core complex associated protein 20; MORN1, MORN repeat containing 1; SK1, sphingosine kinase 1; PEX10, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 10; PLCH2, phospholipase Eta 2; PRKCZ, protein kinase c zeta; RER1, Retention In Endoplasmic Reticulum Sorting Receptor 1; KRT222, keratin 222; KRT24, keratin 24; KRT25, keratin 25; KRT26, keratin 26; KRT27, keratin 27; CYM, chymosin; CDC6, cell division cycle 6; and CDK10, cyclin dependent kinase 10.