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. 2023 Jun 3;26(5):708–720. doi: 10.1007/s10120-023-01398-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — DL-based companion tool for improved clinical stratification. A Example workflow for how such a model can be used in assisting in patient stratification and prognostication. After an H&E slide is evaluated by a pathologist, if it has been labeled as diffuse type, it will then be handed over to the model for a second evaluation. In the event of pathologist-model unanimity, this patient will be stratified into the worst prognosis group. In the event of model-pathologist discordance, the patient will be stratified into the intermediate prognosis group. Finally if the patient is evaluated as intestinal type by the pathologist, this H&E slide will undergo no further assessment due to model-pathologist discordance being exceedingly rare and classified into the best prognosis group B Comparison of 5-year overall survival in the KIEL cohort when using the model as described in the first panel C Comparison of 5-year overall survival in the KCCH cohort when using the model as described in the first panel