Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of patients with BD, patients with SZ, and HCs.
| HCs | BD | SZ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (n = 197) | (n = 51) | (n = 172) | P values (F or χ2) | post hoc |
| Age (years) | 35.6 ± 13.8 | 54.5 ± 16.8 | 45.3 ± 14.0 | 6.79 × 10 − 18 (43.5) | HCs < SZ < BD |
| Sex (male/female) | 129/68 | 23/28 | 77/95 | 1.25 × 10 − 4 (18.0) | - |
| Education (years) | 16.2 ± 2.4 | 13.5 ± 3.0 | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 7.60 × 10 − 41 (116.2) | HCs > BD > SZ |
| Estimated premorbid IQ | 108.9 ± 7.4 | 100.8 ± 11.3 | 98.2 ± 11.0 | 7.29 × 10 − 22 (55.3) | HCs > BD,SZ |
| IMI-eq (mg/day) | - | 45.9 ± 99.2 | 4.9 ± 27.0 | 2.06 × 10 − 6 (23.8) | - |
| DZ-eq (mg/day) | - | 6.1 ± 10.4 | 6.2 ± 11.3 | 0.96 (< 0.1) | - |
| CPZ-eq (mg/day) | - | 152.9 ± 213.3 | 523.3 ± 511.4 | 9.80 × 10 − 7 (27.7) | - |
| BPD-eq (mg/day) | - | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 2.3 | 0.045 (4.1) | - |
| Age at onset (years) | - | 37.0 ± 16.2 | 27.0 ± 11.0 | 9.19 × 10 − 7 (25.5) | - |
| DOI (years) | - | 17.5 ± 14.1 | 18.1 ± 12.7 | 0.76 (0.1) | - |
| HAMD-17 | - | 8.5 ± 5.9 | - | - | - |
| YMRS | - | 1.7 ± 4.5 | - | - | - |
| PANSS positive symptoms | - | - | 16.5 ± 6.2 | - | - |
| PANSS negative symptoms | - | - | 19.4 ± 7.0 | - | - |
HCs, healthy controls; BD, bipolar disorder; SZ, schizophrenia; IQ, intelligence quotient; IMI-eq, imipramine equivalents of total antidepressants; DZ-eq, diazepam equivalents; CPZ-eq, total antipsychotic dosage in chlorpromazine equivalents; BPD-eq, biperiden equivalents of total antiparkinsonian drugs; DOI, duration of illness; HAMD-17, 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Complete demographic information was not obtained for all subjects (number of participants for which the estimated premorbid IQ was available: HCs, n = 177; BD, n = 46; SZ, n = 168; number of participants for which the HAMD-17 was available: BD, n = 47). Means ± SDs are shown. P values < 0.05 are shown in boldface, and post hoc analysis was performed