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. 2023 Jul 21;9:96. doi: 10.1038/s41378-023-00566-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Block diagram of feedforward and back propagation for the spiking neural network based on the LIF neuron model and STDP weight update rule. b Fluctuation area of membrane voltage in biological neurons. c The leaky integrator block, fire and detector block, buffer block, and frequency adaptation block are combined with the output of ZIT-67 synaptic devices to form the complete LIF system. d Operation of the VLSI circuit with input pulses of the synaptic device (t_on = 100 ns, t_rise = t_fall = 1 ns, period = 2 μs, I_in = 2.0 mA and 3.3 mA)