Fig. 4. The SSVEP identification task is based on the modified SNN.

a Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are a favored signal in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems due to their high information transfer rate (ITR). b Eight types of electroencephalographic (EEG) waveforms from 40 different frequencies in the same channel. c SSVEP is processed into a visualized two-dimensional matrix through temporary coding. d Synaptic efficacy (conductance of channel), defined as the strength of the communication between neurons, undergoes temporal modulation characterized by both facilitatory and inhibitory changes. e Inner state of neurons based on STDP in SNNs. f Output spike of neurons in SNNs. g Test accuracy of the recognition task for SSVEPs in the improved network