Fig. 3. High blood lactate levels are associated with a high incidence of AKI and poor prognosis in septic patients.

A Flow chart showing the retrospective analysis of sepsis patients with different lactate levels in the MIMIC-IV database. B The ORs (95% CIs) for the occurrence, RRT requirements, and recovery of AKI and HRs (95% CIs) for mortality across the groups. Regression models were adjusted for confounding variables selected from univariate analysis, including age, gender, ethnicity, admission type, liver disease, white blood cell, baseline creatinine, volume, and SOFA score. C–F Concentration-response relationship between lactate and outcomes. Restricted cubic spline curves were used to evaluate the association between concentration of lactate and the occurrence, RRT requirements, recovery, as well as in-hospital mortality of AKI in septic patients.