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. 2023 Jul 21;14(7):457. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05952-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Effects of different concentrations (0 ~ 50 mM) of lactate on the viability of HK-2 cells (n = 6). B Lactate (10 mM) treatment significantly promoted the LPS-induced decrease in cell viability (n = 4). C, D Lactate (1 g/kg) pretreatment significantly increased CLP-induced increases in SCr and BUN in mice (n = 4). E–G Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining (upper panel) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining (lower panel) of the kidney following CLP-induced sepsis (n = 25). Black arrow: renal tubular vacuoles, structural disorder; white arrow: brush border loss; white triangle: tubular lumen dilation; red arrow: renal tubular basement membrane rupture. Scale bars, 50 μm. H, I Cell apoptosis in the kidney was examined by TUNEL staining (n = 8). Scale bars, 50 μm. J The survival rates in the sham, sham+lactate, CLP, and CLP+lactate groups. Data are mean ± SD; ^*P, ^#P < 0.05.