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. 2023 Jul 21;10:477. doi: 10.1038/s41597-023-02300-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Top panel shows Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI.v2; https://psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/), a positive value is El Ninõ whereas a negative value is La Niña. Lower panel is Global mean sea level (GMSL) from NOCSLA (solid, thick, black line), ESA Climate Change Initiative version 2 (CCI; thin, solid, red line), Colorado (dotted, blue line), Beckley et al.⁹ (thick, solid, green line) and AVISO (thin, dashed, purple line). The shaded period is the full time period presented in Table 4 and the dashed, black line indicates the end of the (2011–2015) CCI period.