Table 1.

Summary of current intestine models.

Intestinal models	Advantage	Limitation	Ref.
Intestine animal models	Traditional model; Technology maturity; Approaching the stage of clinical studies.	long time cycles; expensive; racial differences from human; subject to animal ethics.	[15, 16]
2D intestine cellular model	The culture is simple, the technology is mature, the cost is low, and it is adapted to simple preclinical studies.	Planar culture environment, monolayer cell culture, gradually planarizing and losing differentiation phenotype, inability to form intestinal epithelial structures.	[168–173]
3D intestine organoid model	3D culture environment that mimics the growth environment of ISCs in vivo, forms intestinal epithelial structures, and maintains stable phenotypic and genetic characteristics.	Culture process and technology is relatively complex, and cost is relatively high. There are still limitations that hinder clinical translation.	[174–178]
Intestine Organoid microarray	More precise regulation of the cultivation environment, simulating the physical and microbial environment in the body.	The culture system and process lack standards, the culture technology needs to be improved, and the cost is high.	[179–184]