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. 2023 Jul 7;9(7):e17847. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17847

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© 2023 The Author

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Conceptual Model. Note: The variables include cost leadership (CL), environmental, social, and governance (ESG), return on assets (ROA), and financial distress (FD). represents the direct impact; represents the indirect impact.

Conceptual Model. Note: The variables include cost leadership (CL), environmental, social, and governance (ESG), return on assets (ROA), and financial distress (FD). represents the direct impact; represents the indirect impact.