Table 3. Results of regression analyses with ß-coefficient and 95% confidence intervals for Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.2 Diabetes Module domains (n = 254).
HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
| Variables | ß-coefficient | 95% confidence interval | P-value | ||
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Diabetes symptoms | Sex | -0.15 | -8.53 | -0.82 | 0.02* |
| Age | -0.03 | -3.99 | 2.59 | 0.68 | |
| Economic status | -0.05 | -5.11 | 2.50 | 0.50 | |
| School performance | -0.10 | -6.04 | 0.92 | 0.15 | |
| Father's education | -0.10 | -3.61 | 0.82 | 0.22 | |
| Mother’s education | 0.06 | -1.81 | 3.83 | 0.48 | |
| Duration | -0.03 | -5.22 | 3.27 | 0.65 | |
| Type of insulin | 0.10 | -2.07 | 13.13 | 0.15 | |
| Glucometer | 0.00 | -4.84 | 4.77 | 0.99 | |
| Emergency room visit | -0.02 | -4.89 | 3.98 | 0.84 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | -0.25 | -13.15 | -1.87 | 0.01* | |
| HbA1c | -0.05 | -1.87 | 0.92 | 0.50 | |
| Treatment barrier | Sex | -0.13 | -11.40 | -0.10 | 0.05* |
| Age | 0.19 | 1.91 | 11.55 | 0.01* | |
| Economic status | 0.02 | -4.87 | 6.29 | 0.80 | |
| School performance | -0.30 | -16.74 | -6.54 | 0.00* | |
| Father's education | -0.06 | -4.44 | 2.05 | 0.47 | |
| Mother's education | 0.07 | -2.33 | 5.95 | 0.39 | |
| Duration | 0.00 | -6.31 | 6.14 | 0.98 | |
| Type of insulin | 0.06 | -6.14 | 16.14 | 0.38 | |
| Glucometer | -0.11 | -12.82 | 1.26 | 0.11 | |
| Emergency room visit | -0.07 | -9.09 | 3.92 | 0.43 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 0.01 | -7.85 | 8.68 | 0.92 | |
| HbA1c | 0.02 | -1.74 | 2.35 | 0.77 | |
| Treatment adherence | Sex | -0.12 | -10.88 | 0.37 | 0.07 |
| Age | 0.29 | 5.62 | 15.23 | 0.00* | |
| Economic status | 0.01 | -5.29 | 5.82 | 0.92 | |
| School performance | -0.25 | -15.10 | -4.94 | 0.00* | |
| Father's education | -0.10 | -5.34 | 1.13 | 0.20 | |
| Mother's education | 0.10 | -1.61 | 6.63 | 0.23 | |
| Duration | 0.04 | -4.20 | 8.20 | 0.53 | |
| Type of insulin | 0.04 | -7.27 | 14.92 | 0.50 | |
| Glucometer | -0.11 | -12.85 | 1.19 | 0.10 | |
| Emergency room visit | -0.03 | -7.39 | 5.56 | 0.78 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | -0.04 | -10.01 | 6.46 | 0.67 | |
| HbA1c | -0.02 | -2.37 | 1.70 | 0.74 | |
| Worry | Sex | -0.06 | -11.83 | 4.45 | 0.37 |
| Age | 0.00 | -6.76 | 7.14 | 0.96 | |
| Economic status | -0.14 | -15.92 | 0.16 | 0.05* | |
| School performance | -0.08 | -11.63 | 3.08 | 0.25 | |
| Father's education | 0.03 | -3.73 | 5.63 | 0.69 | |
| Mother’s education | 0.06 | -3.71 | 8.22 | 0.46 | |
| Duration | 0.02 | -7.98 | 9.96 | 0.83 | |
| Type of insulin | 0.00 | -16.36 | 15.76 | 0.97 | |
| Glucometer | -0.10 | -17.22 | 3.09 | 0.17 | |
| Emergency room visit | 0.03 | -7.91 | 10.83 | 0.76 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | -0.11 | -18.68 | 5.16 | 0.26 | |
| HbA1c | -0.02 | -3.32 | 2.58 | 0.81 | |
| Communication | Sex | -0.05 | -10.75 | 4.60 | 0.43 |
| Age | 0.19 | 2.50 | 15.61 | 0.01* | |
| Economic status | 0.03 | -6.10 | 9.06 | 0.70 | |
| School performance | -0.20 | -17.39 | -3.52 | 0.00* | |
| Father's education | 0.09 | -1.76 | 7.07 | 0.24 | |
| Mother's education | -0.18 | -12.00 | -0.74 | 0.03* | |
| Duration | -0.02 | -9.62 | 7.30 | 0.79 | |
| Type of insulin | -0.03 | -18.23 | 12.05 | 0.69 | |
| Glucometer | -0.04 | -12.37 | 6.78 | 0.57 | |
| Emergency room visit | -0.18 | -17.29 | 0.39 | 0.06 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 0.11 | -4.44 | 18.04 | 0.23 | |
| HbA1c | 0.00 | -2.86 | 2.70 | 0.96 | |
| Total | Sex | -0.16 | -9.01 | -0.84 | 0.02* |
| Age | 0.25 | 0.69 | 2.24 | 0.00* | |
| Economic status | -0.04 | -4.87 | 2.83 | 0.60 | |
| School performance | -0.29 | -11.51 | -4.49 | 0.00* | |
| Father's education | -0.02 | -2.60 | 1.88 | 0.75 | |
| Mother’s education | 0.02 | -2.51 | 3.19 | 0.81 | |
| Duration | 0.04 | -2.67 | 5.20 | 0.53 | |
| Type of insulin | 0.03 | -5.64 | 9.41 | 0.62 | |
| Glucometer | -0.11 | -8.90 | 0.65 | 0.09 | |
| Emergency room visit | -0.08 | -6.50 | 2.45 | 0.37 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | -0.05 | -7.41 | 3.98 | 0.55 | |
| HbA1c | -0.10 | -1.43 | -3.52 | 0.47 | |
| Mean HbA1c | Sex | -0.01 | -0.42 | 0.34 | 0.83 |
| Age | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.78 | 0.01* | |
| Economic status | -0.04 | -0.50 | 0.25 | 0.50 | |
| School performance | 0.10 | -0.07 | 0.64 | 0.12 | |
| Father's education | 0.03 | -0.17 | 0.27 | 0.64 | |
| Mother’s education | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.00* | |
| Duration | 0.26 | 0.44 | 1.23 | 0.00* | |
| Type of insulin | -0.11 | -1.43 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |
| Glucometer | 0.03 | -0.37 | 0.57 | 0.68 | |
| Emergency room visit | 0.16 | -0.04 | 0.83 | 0.07 | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 0.02 | -0.49 | 0.63 | 0.80 | |
| HbA1c | |||||
| Diabetes symptoms | 0.01 | 0.93 | -0.02 | 0.02* | |
| Treatment barrier | 0.20 | 0.30 | -0.01 | 0.04* | |
| Treatment adherence | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.01* | |
| Worry | 0.10 | 0.49 | -0.01 | 0.02* | |
| Communication | 0.12 | 0.44 | -0.01 | 0.02* | |
| Total | -0.32 | 0.39 | -0.10 | 0.04* | |