Table 2:

Reliability and validity test results

Variable		Item	Estimate	SMC	Standardized residuals	CR	AVE	Cronbach’s α
Academic Pressure	Course pressure	28	0.693	0.480	0.520	0.887	0.496	0.889
		27	0.738	0.545	0.455
		24	0.746	0.557	0.443
		23	0.726	0.527	0.473
		20	0.698	0.487	0.513
		19	0.690	0.476	0.524
		18	0.658	0.433	0.567
		11	0.678	0.460	0.540
	Exam pressure	21	0.715	0.511	0.489	0.841	0.470	0.836
		15	0.676	0.457	0.543
		13	0.757	0.573	0.427
		12	0.726	0.527	0.473
		8	0.612	0.375	0.625
		1	0.615	0.378	0.622
	Study pressure	25	0.567	0.321	0.679	0.707	0.378	0.696
		6	0.597	0.356	0.644
		5	0.709	0.503	0.497
		2	0.575	0.331	0.669
	Employment pressure	26	0.514	0.264	0.736	0.632	0.375	0.596
		14	0.535	0.286	0.714
		3	0.524	0.275	0.725
	Performance pressure	16	0.743	0.552	0.448	0.782	0.642	0.709
		7	0.740	0.548	0.452
Independent Learning Ability	Learning continuity	10	0.750	0.563	0.438	0.911	0.631	0.900
		11	0.712	0.507	0.493
		13	0.854	0.729	0.271
		14	0.830	0.689	0.311
		15	0.815	0.664	0.336
		16	0.795	0.632	0.368
	Course management	1	0.718	0.516	0.484	0.920	0.699	0.899
		2	0.782	0.774	0.226
		3	0.803	0.757	0.243
		4	0.804	0.740	0.260
		5	0.836	0.706	0.294
	Learning resource management	17	0.789	0.623	0.377	0.897	0.636	0.903
		18	0.829	0.687	0.313
		19	0.816	0.666	0.334
		20	0.816	0.666	0.334
		21	0.733	0.733	0.463
	Learning motivation	7	0.783	0.613	0.387	0.786	0.552	0.771
		8	0.801	0.642	0.358
		9	0.634	0.402	0.598
Academic Self-efficacy	Self-regulation efficacy	11	0.671	0.450	0.550	0.887	0.496	0.886
		12	0.637	0.406	0.594
		13	0.624	0.389	0.611
		14	0.767	0.588	0.412
		15	0.805	0.648	0.352
		16	0.769	0.591	0.409
		17	0.639	0.408	0.592
		18	0.700	0.490	0.510
	Self-confidence	19	0.731	0.534	0.499	0.912	0.566	0.909
		20	0.842	0.709	0.291
		21	0.820	0.672	0.328
		22	0.790	0.624	0.376
		23	0.802	0.643	0.357
		24	0.697	0.486	0.514
		25	0.631	0.398	0.602
		26	0.677	0.458	0.542
	Homework difficulty preference	2	0.673	0.453	0.547	0.806	0.511	0.802
		3	0.725	0.526	0.474
		6	0.807	0.651	0.349
		7	0.643	0.413	0.587

Root mean square error of approximation=0.044, Tucker–Lewis index=0.897, comparative fit index=0.905, incremental fit index=0.906, χ²=4218.954 (P<0.001), df=1741, χ²/df=2.423

SMC, squared multiple correlation; CR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted