Table 3:

Correlations among academic pressure, independent learning ability, and academic self-efficacy

Variable	1-1	1-2	1-3	1-4	1-5	2-1	2-2	2-3	2-4	3-1	3-2	3-3
1-1	1.000
1-2	0.680**	1.000
1-3	0.515**	0.511**	1.000
1-4	0.527**	0.439**	0.357**	1.000
1-5	0.385**	0.376**	0.484**	0.425**	1.000
2-1	−0.089*	−0.022	−0.211**	−0.023	−0.023	1.000
2-2	0.030	0.077*	−0.130**	−0.013	−0.012	0.696**	1.000
2-3	0.168**	0.165**	−0.061	0.091*	−0.044	0.646**	0.602**	1.000
2-4	0.091*	0.037	−0.173**	0.088*	−0.024	0.659**	0.635**	0.601**	1.000
3-1	−0.118**	−0.025	−0.163**	−0.002	0.030	0.698**	0.626**	0.511**	0.524**	1.000
3-2	0.615**	0.529**	0.274**	0.384**	0.261**	0.032	0.107**	0.240**	0.120**	0.017	1.000
3-3	0.371**	0.338**	0.258**	0.281**	0.252**	0.175**	0.204**	0.280**	0.175**	0.277**	0.345**	1.000

1-1. course pressure, 1-2. exam pressure, 1-3. study pressure, 1-4. employment pressure, 1-5. performance pressure, 2-1. learning continuity, 2-2. course management, 2-3. learning resource management, 2-4. learning motivation, 3-1. self-regulation efficacy, 3-2. self-confidence, 3-3. homework difficulty preference

^**P<0.01,

^*P<0.05; tested via correlation analysis