Table 5:

Path relationships among academic pressure, independent learning ability, and academic self-efficacy

Hypotheses	Path	β	Standard error	Critical ratio	Assessment
H1	Academic pressure → Academic self-efficacy	−0.183	0.046	−3.999*** (p=0.000)	Accept
H2	Academic pressure → Independent learning ability	0.061	0.061	1.001 (p=0.317)	Reject
H3	Independent learning ability → Academic self-efficacy	0.826	0.034	24.068*** (p=0.000)	Accept

^***P<0.001,

^**P<0.01,

^*P<0.05; tested by path analysis