Table 6:

Direct, indirect, and total effects

Path of influence	Direct effect	Indirect effect	Total effect
Academic pressure → academic self-efficacy	−0.117***	0.032	−0.084***
Academic pressure → independent learning ability	0.043	-	0.043
Independent learning ability → academic self-efficacy	0.755***	-	0.755***

^*P<0.05,

^**P<0.01; tested by the bootstrap method