. 2023 May;52(5):950–959. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v52i5.12711

Table 1:

Ante-, peri-, and neonatal characteristics & their association with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Children age 18 to 30 months

*Variables*	*N (%)*		ASD prevalence^**

	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)	OR	95%CI
	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)	OR	Lower	Upper
Total number of participants	40,243	100%	302	0.76
Antenatal period^*
History of miscarriage, abortion or stillbirth	2,216	5.5	118	3.20	6.48^c	5.13	8.18
Children conceived by assisted reproduction technologies	208	0.5	12	5.77	8.28^c	4.57	14.99
Having cold, flu or acquiring virus during pregnancy	1,851	4.6	45	2.50	3.68^c	2.67	5.07
Having gestational diabetes, toxemia, high blood pressure or preeclampsia during pregnancy	517	1.3	39	6.9	13.9^c	9.38	20.85
Having stress or mental disorders during pregnancy	307	0.8	31	10.10	16.22^c	10.98	23.95
Contacting with chemical toxic or second-hand smoke	2,976	6.1	47	8.3	4.87^c	2.48	9.56
Perinatal period
Mode of delivery
Assisted delivery (C-section, forcept)	12,760	31.7	143	1.12	1.91^c	1.52	2.40
Normal delivery	27,483	68.3	162	0.59	1	-	-
Time of active labour
Prolonged (>24 h)	21,345	53.0	19	2.44	3.04^c	1.90	4.86
Normal (≤24 h)	18,898	47.0	286	0.82	1	-	-
Pre-term childbirth^*	2,086	5.2	50	2.40	3.63^c	2.67	4.93
Birth weight
Low-birth weight (<2500 gram)	1,307	3.3	24	1.84	2.56^c	1.68	3.90
Normal (≥2500 gram)	38,773	96.3	281	0.72	1	-	-
Perinatal asphyxia^*	348	0.9	14	4.02	5.65^c	3.27	9.76
Neonatal period
Neonatal jaundice^*	619	1.5	29	4.68	7.01^c	4.74	10.36
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome^*	167	0.4	27	16.17	27.60^c	17.98	42.36
Neonatal seizures^*	550	1.4	51	9.60	16.43^c	12.00	22.50

^*:

Data show for Yes, in which

^a:

represents statistically significant at P-value <0.05;

^b:

represents statistically significant at P-value <0.01;

^c:

represents statistically significant at P-value < 0.001