Figure 1.

Intraoperative stimulation setup and task design

(A) Pre-resection intraoperative image of the craniotomy window, with dotted white lines parcellating the tumor resection site.

(B) ECoG grid placed over craniotomy site (same orientation as [A]).

(C) The patient performed a melody repetition task with his dominant right hand using an MIDI keyboard setup during the operation.

(D) Schematic representation of the auditory naming-to-definition task, in which the surgeon verbally produced a definition and the patient responded with a one-word response, and the auditory repetition task, in which the patient repeated a phrase verbally produced by the surgeon.

(E) Schematic representation of the melody repetition task in which a high or low complexity, six-note sequence was played over speakers and the patient reproduced the sequence on the keyboard.