Fig. 2.

Diverse exogenous and endogenous stresses trigger cellular senescence Hallmarks of cellular stress responses that link the triggers of asthma exogenous to the cellular senescence. These hallmarks include telomere shortening, DNA damage, oncogene activation, and oxidative related senescence that lead to enlarged cell morphology with a group of changes including senescence associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activation, cell cycle arrest (e.g., p16, p21), and release of SASP components.