Assessing measurement invariance of the SEGUE framework among Chinese and Ghanaian patients: A cross-sectional study

. 2023 Jun 19;3:100183. doi: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100183

The SEGUE Framework (English version)
1 = never; 2 = occasionally; 3 = sometimes; 4 = mostly; 5 = all the time
Set the stage
1. greet me appropriately	1	2	3	4	5
2. explain the reason for the consultation	1	2	3	4	5
3. Introduce the outline agenda to me for visit (e.g., issues, sequence)	1	2	3	4	5
4. Make a personal connection with me during visit (e.g., go beyond medical issues at hand)	1	2	3	4	5
5. Maintains my privacy (e.g., close door)	1	2	3	4	5
Elicit the information
6. Elicit my view of health problem and/or progress	1	2	3	4	5
7. Explore physical/physiological factors of my medical issues	1	2	3	4	5
8. Explore psychosocial/emotional factors of my medical issues (e.g., living situation, family, relations, stress)	1	2	3	4	5
9. Discuss antecedent treatments with me (e.g., self-care, last visit, other medical care)	1	2	3	4	5
10. Discuss how health problem affects my life (e.g., quality-of life)	1	2	3	4	5
11.Discuss lifestyle issues/prevention strategies with me (e.g., health risks)	1	2	3	4	5
12. Avoid asking me directive/leading questions	1	2	3	4	5
13. Give me opportunity/time to talk (e.g. don't interrupt)	1	2	3	4	5
14. Listen. Give me undivided attention (e.g., face me, verbal acknowledgement, negative feedback	1	2	3	4	5
15. Check/clarify information with me (e.g., recap, ask “how much”	1	2	3	4	5
Give information
16. Explain rationale for diagnostic procedures for me (e.g., exam, tests)	1	2	3	4	5
17. Teach me about my own body & situation (e.g., provide feedback from exam/tests, explain anatomy/diagnosis)	1	2	3	4	5
18. Encourage me to ask questions/check understanding	1	2	3	4	5
19. Adapt to my level of understanding (e.g., avoid/explain jargon)	1	2	3	4	5
Understand the Patient's perspective
20. Acknowledge my accomplishments/progress/challenges	1	2	3	4	5
21. Acknowledge waiting time	1	2	3	4	5
22. Express caring, concern, empathy for me	1	2	3	4
23. Maintain a respectful tone	1	2	3	4	5
End the encounter
24. Ask if there is anything else I would like to discuss	1	2	3	4	5
25. Review next steps with me	1	2	3	4	5