Table 1.

LCoGS indicators in Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and Cook Islands, 2016.^12a

Indicator	2030 target	Fiji	Vanuatu	Tonga	Cook Islands
1. Access to timely essential surgery – the percentage of the population that can access, within 2 h, a facility capable of providing bellwether procedures (Caesarean section, laparotomy, and open fracture management)	80%	67%	44%	85%	88%
2. Specialist surgical workforce density – number of surgical, anaesthesia, and obstetric specialists per 100,000 people	20	5.8	3.2	14	22
3. Surgical volume - procedures performed in an operating theatre per 100,000 population per year	5000	1490	1277	5061	6758
4. Peri-operative mortality - all-cause death rate before discharge in patients who have undergone a procedure in an operating theatre	Monitored	Not monitored	Not monitored	Monitored	Not monitored
5. Percentage risk of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditureb on surgical care	0%	21%	14%	8%	NA
6. Percentage risk of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket expenditurec on surgical care	0%	24%	37%	16%	NA

NA: not available.

^aThe LCoGS indicators were collected in four out of five countries included in this study in 2016: Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, and the Cook Islands. The LCoGS indicators in Palau were not collected as a part of the 2016 study.¹²

^bCatastrophic expenditure is defined as direct out-of-pocket payments of greater than 40% of household income net of subsistence needs.¹

^cImpoverishing expenditure is defined as being pushed into poverty or being pushed further into poverty by out-of-pocket payments.¹