Figure 4.

Changes in metabolic states of ICOS low vs. high activated T cells, compared with no activation, are revealed by metabolomics

(A) Metabolic analysis by mass spectrometry was performed on Th17 cells from healthy donors (n = 7) that were activated (or not, “None”) with αCD3/ICOS beads at the indicated bead per T cell ratio and cultured for 4 days before collection. Resulting values were normalized and fold changes were calculated and log₂ transformed. Normalized values for selected metabolites measured intracellularly (B) and from theextracellular medium (C) were averaged. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests (∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001). Data are represented as mean ± SEM.