Table 2.
Sample pain profile.
| Day 1 | Day 21 | Day 26 | p-value | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 7.05 ± 0.34 | 5.52 ± 0.55 | 5.10 ± 0.61a | 0.010c | 3.948 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 6.67 ± 0.32 | 6.12 ± 0.44 | 4.67 ± 0.58ab | 0.001c | 4.269 |
| Placebo + tDCS | 6.14 ± 0.33 | 5.50 ± 0.49 | 4.41 ± 0.55 | 0.090 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 6.23 ± 0.35 | 5.20 ± 0.45a | 5.00 ± 0.59 | 0.011c | 2.555 |
| PPT – Minimum Pain | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 0.88 ± 0.15 | 0.74 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.12 | 0.068 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.91 | 0.94 ± 0.10 | 0.170 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 0.90 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.12 | 0.95 ± 0.13 | 0.955 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 1.02 ± 0.14 | 0.74 ± 0.11 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 0.386 | ‒ |
| PPT – Maximum Pain | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 2.74 + 0.40 | 2.62 + 0.48 | 3.20 + 0.42 | 0.919 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 2.99 ± 0.34 | 2.56 ± 0.24 | 2.95 ± 0.34 | 0.244 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 3.70 ± 0.51 | 2.96 ± 0.37 | 3.16 ± 0.43 | 0.083 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 3.02 ± 0.39 | 2.78 ± 0.44 | 2.83 ± 0.49 | 0.140 | ‒ |
| CPM | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | -0.57 ± 0.74 | -1.02 ± 0.69 | -0.02 ± 0.61 | 0.589 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | -1.22 ± 0.56 | -0.22 ± 0.50 | 0.41 ± 0.54 | 0.129 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | -0.68 ± 0.47 | -1.18 ± 0.55 | -0.22 ± 0.56 | 0.477 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | -1.23 ± 0.69 | -0.28 ± 0.59 | -0.23 ± 0.70 | 0.193 | ‒ |
| PCP:S – Frequency and Intensity | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 26.80 ± 0.44 | 26.04 ± 0.50 | 24.78 ± 0.55a | 0.001c | 4.055 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 25.40 ± 0.42 | 24.78 ± 0.65 | 24.02 ± 0.91 | 0.559 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 25.88 ± 0.56 | 25.38 ± 0.56 | 25.77 ± 0.46 | 0.784 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 25.65 ± 0.69 | 24.92 ± 0.72 | 24.30 ± 0.95 | 0.069 | ‒ |
| PCP:S – Interference in Activities | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 28.61 ± 1.15 | 23.52 ± 1.65 | 22.74 ± 2.14a | 0.014c | 3.417 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 28.09 ± 1.56 | 25.28 ± 1.93a | 25.76 ± 1.99a | 0.008c | 1.305 |
| Placebo + tDCS | 26.36 ± 1.49 | 25.65 ± 1.32 | 25.00 ± 1.49 | 0.387 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 25.40 ± 1.99 | 23.65 ± 2.11 | 22.15 ± 2.24 | 0.432 | ‒ |
| PCP:S – Interference in Emotions | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 16.38 ± 0.99 | 13.61 ± 1.11a | 13.23 ± 1.34a | 0.008c | 2.673 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 17.31 ± 0.85 | 15.95 ± 1.21 | 14.90 ± 1.32 | 0.080 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 15.90 ± 1.22 | 14.68 ± 1.25 | 14.09 ± 1.26 | 0.084 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 15.71 ± 1.05 | 14.61 ± 1.18 | 14.38 ± 1.32 | 0.267 | ‒ |
CPM, Conditioned Pain Modulation; PCP:S, Profile of Chronic Pain Scale; PPT, Pain Pressure Threshold; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.
Data presented as mean ± standard error. Friedman Test.
a
Different from Day 1.
b
Different from Day 21.
c
Significant difference.