Table 3.
Data from questionnaires.
| Day 1 | Day 21 | Day 26 | p-value | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIQ-Function | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 15.88 ± 1.53 | 11.67 ± 0.97a | 12.67 ± 1.06 | 0.005c | 3.286 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 13.30 ± 1.38 | 14.00 ± 1.87 | 13.89 ± 1.33 | 0.625 | - |
| Placebo + tDCS | 15.02 ± 1.37 | 13.78 ± 1.30 | 13.82 ± 1.39 | 0.403 | – |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 12.95 ± 1.21 | 13.79 ± 1.06 | 13.61 ± 1.07 | 0.918 | – |
| FIQ-Overall Impact | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 6.16 ± 0.25 | 5.85 ± 0.24 | 5.20 ± 0.23a | 0.004c | 3.996 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 5.80 ± 0.31 | 5.23 ± 0.26 | 5.20 ± 0.27 | 0.112 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 5.23 ± 0.29 | 5.17 ± 0.22 | 4.69 ± 0.18 | 0.304 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 6.04 ± 0.23 | 5.43 ± 0.25 | 5.28 ± 0.26 | 0.054 | ‒ |
| FIQ-Symptoms | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 8.01 ± 0.33 | 6.62 ± 0.46 | 5.94 ± 0.47a | <0.001c | 5.097 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 7.96 ± 0.28 | 6.50 ± 0.42 | 6.00 ± 0.43a | 0.003c | 5.401 |
| Placebo + tDCS | 7.68 ± 0.33 | 6.20 ± 0.45 | 5.40 ± 0.47a | 0.003c | 4.630 |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 7.73 ± 0.36 | 6.60 ± 0.40 | 5.97 ± 0.49a | 0.003c | 4.093 |
| BDI-II | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 24.38 ± 2.18 | 20.05 ± 1.92 | 17.33 ± 1.76a | <0.001c | 3.558 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 28.86 ± 2.29 | 23.29 ± 2.52 | 20.90 ± 2.67a | 0.001c | 3.200 |
| Placebo + tDCS | 24.18 ± 1.82 | 21.36 ± 2.29 | 17.86 ± 2.45ab | 0.001c | 2.928 |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 22.20 ± 2.35 | 19.25 ± 2.09 | 16.40 ± 2.32 | 0.086 | ‒ |
| STAI – State | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 26.33 ± 0.54 | 27.50 ± 0.72 | 27.19 ± 0.70 | 0.590 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 27.86 ± 0.91 | 26.43 ± 0.86a | 27.71 ± 1.00 | 0.026c | 1.615 |
| Placebo + tDCS | 27.82 ± 0.76 | 27.68 ± 1.02 | 28.27 ± 1.00 | 1.000 | – |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 27.40 ± 0.94 | 28.10 ± 1.21 | 27.25 ± 0.71 | 0.607 | – |
| STAI – Trait | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 24.86 ± 0.65 | 23.52 ± 0.75 | 21.86 ± 1.26a | 0.003c | 2.992 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 25.67 ± 0.63 | 25.24 ± 0.75 | 25.43 ± 0.61 | 0.607 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 25.45 ± 0.66 | 24.64 ± 0.65 | 24.27 ± 0.72 | 0.277 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 24.60 + 0.74 | 24.75 + 0.78 | 23.95 + 0.74 | 0.520 | ‒ |
| PCS – Total | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 36.57 + 2.13 | 33.71 + 2.34 | 30.62 + 2.88a | 0.027c | 2.349 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 35.10 + 2.42 | 32.43 + 3.13 | 33.19 + 2.91 | 0.645 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 37.09 + 2.41 | 32.00 + 1.79 | 31.23 + 2.56 | 0.071 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 37.10 + 2.12 | 31.75 + 2.81 | 30.20 + 3.41a | 0.032c | 2.430 |
| PCS – Hopelessness | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 16.19 + 1.03 | 14.62 + 1.10 | 12.67 + 1.42a | 0.029c | 2.837 |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 15.14 + 1.35 | 14.14 + 1.50 | 14.95 + 1.39 | 0.681 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 16.77 + 1.09 | 14.59 + 0.86 | 13.82 + 1.22 | 0.170 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 16.85 + 0.99 | 14.05 + 1.30 | 12.70 + 1.62a | 0.003c | 3.091 |
| PCS – Magnification | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 8.05 + 0.65 | 7.62 + 0.62 | 7.05 + 0.73 | 0.638 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 8.10 + 0.56 | 7.29 + 0.85 | 7.29 + 0.77 | 0.520 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 7.86 + 0.70 | 6.82 + 0.57 | 7.05 + 0.72 | 0.326 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 8.10 + 0.62 | 6.90 + 0.81 | 6.45 + 0.94 | 0.050 | ‒ |
| PCS – Rumination | |||||
| LDN + tDCS | 12.33 + 0.64 | 11.48 + 0.77 | 10.90 + 0.84 | 0.067 | ‒ |
| LDN + tDCS Sham | 11.86 + 0.63 | 11.00 + 0.87 | 10.95 + 0.90 | 0.513 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS | 12.45 + 0.87 | 10.59 + 0.63 | 10.36 + 0.83 | 0.058 | ‒ |
| Placebo + tDCS Sham | 12.15 + 0.77 | 10.80 + 0.92 | 11.05 + 0.92 | 0.348 | ‒ |
FIQ, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
Data presented as mean ± standard error. Friedman Test.
a
Different from Day 1.
b
Different from Day 21.
c
Significant difference.