Table 1. Characteristics of Pregnant Women and Hospitals in the US from 1998 to 2018a,b.
| Characteristic | HCV status, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| HCV-negative (n = 69 901 008) | HCV-positive (n = 137 259) | |
| Age, y | ||
| 18-20 | 7 392 264 (10.6) | 5825 (4.2) |
| 21-30 | 37 894 073 (54.2) | 78 684 (57.3) |
| 31-40 | 23 321 958 (33.4) | 49 253 (35.9) |
| 41-50 | 1 292 712 (1.8) | 3497 (2.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||
| Black | 7 747 775 (13.8) | 8559 (7.1) |
| White | 30 239 399 (53.9) | 93 414 (77.4) |
| Otherc | 18 163 428 (32.3) | 18 739 (15.5) |
| Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index | ||
| 0 | 67 271 073 (96.2) | 122 813 (89.5) |
| 1-2 | 2 596 628 (3.7) | 13 694 (10.0) |
| ≥3 | 33 307 (0.05) | 752 (0.5) |
| Diabetes | 498 078 (0.7) | 1497 (1.1) |
| HIV | 16 762 (0.02) | 585 (0.4) |
| Hypertension | 454 605 (0.7) | 1322 (1.0) |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 1 477 110 (2.1) | 3709 (2.7) |
| Anemia | 6 136 463 (8.8) | 18 166 (13.2) |
| Substance use | ||
| Tobacco | 2 814 721 (4.0) | 57 263 (41.7) |
| Alcohol | 81 829 (0.1) | 2437 (1.8) |
| Opioids | 188 609 (0.3) | 39 700 (28.9) |
| Cannabis | 419 522 (0.6) | 8209 (6.0) |
| Sedatives/hypnotics | 16 624 (0.02) | 1269 (0.9) |
| Cocaine | 193 489 (0.3) | 9459 (6.9) |
| Other stimulants | 110 977 (0.2) | 6312 (4.6) |
| Hallucinogens | 1869 (0.003) | 70 (0.05) |
| Inhalants | 80 (0.0001) | 15 (0.01) |
| Other psychoactives | 18 572 (0.03) | 3378 (2.5) |
| Primary payer | ||
| Medicare | 387 062 (0.6) | 3494 (2.6) |
| Medicaid | 27 404 834 (39.3) | 102 013 (74.5) |
| Private insurance | 37 742 800 (54.1) | 23 580 (17.2) |
| Other | 4 222 637 (6.1) | 7879 (5.8) |
| Median household income for zip code | ||
| Quartile 1/lowest | 13 383 777 (26.9) | 49 972 (40.0) |
| Quartile 2 | 12 519 516 (25.1) | 34 835 (27.9) |
| Quartile 3 | 12 274 811 (24.7) | 24 997 (20.0) |
| Quartile 4/highest | 11 606 748 (23.3) | 15 034 (12.0) |
| Hospital size | ||
| Small | 8 587 316 (12.3) | 17 811 (13.0) |
| Medium | 19 092 676 (27.4) | 35 901 (26.3) |
| Large | 41 974 613 (60.3) | 82 849 (60.7) |
| Hospital location/teaching status | ||
| Rural | 8 084 866 (11.6) | 19 154 (14.0) |
| Urban nonteaching | 26 899 867 (38.6) | 33 952 (24.9) |
| Urban teaching | 34 669 873 (49.8) | 83 454 (61.1) |
| Hospital region | ||
| Northeast | 11 928 810 (17.1) | 31 439 (22.9) |
| Midwest | 15 196 028 (21.7) | 24 276 (17.7) |
| South | 26 055 748 (37.3) | 57 158 (41.6) |
| West | 16 720 422 (23.9) | 24 385 (17.8) |
Abbreviation: HCV, hepatitis C virus.
a
Deliveries and spontaneous abortions included.
b
Rao-Scott χ2 test was used to compare proportions between HCV status; all differences were significant at P < .001.
c
Included Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Native American, and other categories as defined by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; data collapsed due to small sample sizes.