Table 3.
Left ventricular morphology and function (mean ± SD or n (%)).
| Ctrl-Athletes (n = 20) | AAS-Athletes (n = 24) | HCM-Athletes (n = 22) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LV morphology | |||
| Wall thickness | |||
| Maximal value (mm) | 11.0 ± 1.7 | 12.8 ± 2.1 ** | 14.1 ± 1.1 ***,# |
| 8–12 mm | 15 (75%) | 11 (45%) | – |
| 13–15 mm (gray zone) | 5 (25%) | 10 (43%) | 14 (64%) |
| 16–20 mm | – | 3 (12%) | 8 (36%) |
| End-diastolic volume (mL) | 138 ± 21 | 139 ± 27 | 120 ± 19 *,# |
| End-systolic volume (mL) | 49 ± 12 | 57 ± 14 * | 48 ± 14 # |
| End-diastolic V-I (mL/m²) | 70 ± 11 | 65 ± 11 | 62 ± 9 * |
| End-systolic V-I (mL/m²) | 25 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 24 ± 7 |
| LV global function | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 64.9 ± 5.9 | 58.2 ± 5.7 *** | 61.9 ± 3.8 |
| E wave (cm/s) | 76.8 ± 12.7 | 62.7 ± 13.2 ** | 75.4 ± 18.9 ## |
| A wave (cm/s) | 49 ± 10 | 43 ± 7 | 43 ± 13 |
| E/A | 1.62 ± 0.32 | 1.64 ± 0.95 | 1.87 ± 0.68 |
| LV strains | |||
| LSr Diastolic (cm/s) | 2.55 ± 0.62 | 2.57 ± 0.68 | 2.80 ± 0.94 |
| GLS (%) | –20.1 ± 2.2 | –18.2 ± 3.4 | –17.1 ± 2.9 ** |
| LV mechanical dispersion | |||
| SD18S (ms) | 51 ± 12 | 54 ± 21 | 75 ± 26 **,## |
| Maximum delay18S (ms) | 184 ± 6 | 222 ± 153 | 290 ± 135 **,# |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, significantly different from Ctrl-Athletes; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, significantly different from AAS-Athletes.
Abbreviations: A = atrial; AAS = anabolic androgenic steroids; Ctrl = control; E = early; E/A = Early to Atrial filling ratio; End-diastolic V-I = End-diastolic volume index; End-systolic V-I = End-systolic volume index; GLS = global longitudinal strain; HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LSr Diastolic = diastolic longitudinal strain rate; LV = left ventricular; Maximum delay18S = Maximum delay between the earliest and latest time to peak strain of the 18 segments; SD18S = standard deviation of the time to peak strains over the 18 segments.