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. 2023 Jul 22;23:784. doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09761-5

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the sociodemographic variables of households in Spain based on the percentage of resources they dedicate to dental care payments. Year 2008

Total Threshold < 10% 10% ≤ Threshold < 20% 20% ≤ Threshold < 30% 30% ≤ Threshold < 40% Threshold ≥ 40%
Gender
 Male 72.66% 72.70% 76.64% 66.54% 63.61% 71.21%
 Female 27.34% 27.30% 23.36% 33.46% 36.39% 28.79%
Age of head of household (years)
 Less than or equal to 40 27.05% 27.54% 19.32% 12.65% 12.78% 15.49%
 41–64 44.74% 44.47% 52.12% 50.10% 45.34% 50.88%
 More than or equal to 65 28.21% 27.99% 28.56% 37.25% 41.88% 33.63%
Marital Status
 Married 60.62% 60.45% 71.98% 60.52% 64.02% 53.92%
 Single 19.61% 19.87% 13.22% 12.46% 12.52% 17.92%
 Separated / Divorced 7.03% 6.94% 5.41% 11.30% 2.13% 15.61%
 Widowed 12.74% 12.74% 9.39% 15.72% 21.33% 12.55%
Educational level
 Low level (Primary school incomplete, primary or equivalent) 30.21% 30.11% 31.37% 33.36% 34.13% 32.93%
 Middle level (Secondary school / middle level professional) 43.97% 43.84% 46.35% 47.95% 44.93% 46.66%
 University degree or equivalent (University degree or equivalent) 25.82% 26.05% 22.28% 18.69% 20.94% 20.41%
Activity Status
 Employed 62.28% 62.59% 59.07% 53.61% 44.79% 55.07%
 Unemployed 4.73% 4.69% 7.93% 5.38% 2.54% 2.87%
 Receiving earnings-related pension 28.04% 27.73% 29.67% 36.00% 46.22% 39.00%
 Other situations (homecare, student, etc.) 4.95% 4.99% 3.33% 5.01% 6.45% 3.06%
Household Monthly Income
 Low level (less than €1,200) 41.24% 40.84% 45.93% 48.10% 45.72% 61.42%
 Middle level (€1,200—€2,500) 42.42% 42.60% 40.60% 38.16% 44.87% 32.96%
 High level (more than €2,500) 16.34% 16.56% 13.47% 13.74% 9.41% 5.62%
GDP per capita
 Low 31.02% 31.11% 31.22% 26.51% 30.57% 27.39%
 Middle 29.02% 29.07% 27.86% 25.38% 19.83% 33.38%
 High 39.96% 39.82% 40.92% 48.11% 49.60% 39.23%
Place of residence Urban (Ref. Rural)
 Rural 15.33% 15.37% 15.06% 16.56% 17.99% 9.36%
 Urban 84.67% 84.63% 84.94% 83.44% 82.01% 90.64%
 N 22,021 21,051 440 211 84 235

Threshold: refers to the relationship between the out-of-pocket payment (in health care and/or in dental care) and the level of equivalent income of the household