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. 2023 Jul 22;23:784. doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09761-5

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics of the sociodemographic variables of households in Spain based on the percentage of resources they dedicate to dental care payments. Year 2011

Total Threshold < 10% 10% ≤ Threshold < 20% 20% ≤ Threshold < 30% 30% ≤ Threshold < 40% Threshold ≥ 40%
Gender
 Male 69.28% 68.96% 73.50% 71.55% 70.49% 76.38%
 Female 30.72% 31.04% 26.50% 28.45% 29.51% 23.62%
Age of head of household (years)
 Less than or equal to 40 25.60% 26.34% 18.72% 18.30% 12.01% 9.50%
 41–64 45.57% 44.89% 56.55% 50.45% 58.23% 52.84%
 More than or equal to 65 28.83% 28.77% 24.73% 31.25% 29.76% 37.66%
Marital Status
 Married 57.32% 56.55% 67.99% 64.25% 64.22% 70.99%
 Single 21.21% 21.67% 15.41% 20.67% 10.44% 12.23%
 Separated / Divorced 12.50% 12.70% 8.53% 9.02% 16.42% 10.26%
 Widowed 8.97% 9.08% 8.07% 6.06% 8.92% 6.52%
Educational level
 Low level (Primary school incomplete, primary or equivalent) 20.99% 21.15% 14.43% 20.50% 20.18% 25.09%
 Middle level (Secondary school / middle level professional) 50.16% 49.86% 57.76% 49.15% 49.07% 53.23%
 University degree or equivalent (University degree or equivalent) 28.85% 28.99% 27.81% 30.35% 30.75% 21.68%
Activity Status
 Employed 57.58% 57.61% 61.38% 58.27% 51.19% 50.63%
 Unemployed 8.86% 8.85% 11.13% 5.03% 11.75% 7.11%
 Receiving earnings-related pension 27.74% 27.58% 23.55% 33.04% 34.43% 37.60%
 Other situations (homecare, student, etc.) 5.82% 5.96% 3.94% 3.66% 2.63% 4.66%
Household Monthly Income
 Low level (less than €1,200) 44.67% 44.79% 43.10% 46.96% 40.50% 41.14%
 Middle level (€1,200—€2,500) 40.24% 39.99% 42.57% 43.39% 41.12% 46.68%
 High level (more than €2,500) 15.09% 15.22% 14.33% 9.65% 18.38% 12.18%
GDP per capita
 Low 31.26% 31.33% 31.25% 33.14% 27.03% 27.57%
 Middle 28.79% 28.85% 27.97% 29.07% 27.28% 27.80%
 High 39.95% 39.82% 40.78% 37.79% 45.69% 44.63%
Place of residence Urban (Ref. Rural)
 Rural 14.91% 14.84% 12.85% 17.49% 20.49% 18.37%
 Urban 85.09% 85.16% 87.15% 82.51% 79.51% 81.63%
 N 21,625 20,056 710 275 165 419

Threshold: refers to the relationship between the out-of-pocket payment (in health care and/or in dental care) and the level of equivalent income of the household