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. 2023 Jul 21;24:21. doi: 10.1186/s12865-023-00558-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — a Representative gating of HLA-DR⁺ CD14⁺ (monocyte) and HLA-DR⁺ CD14⁻ (dendritic) cell populations. The staining profile of PBMCs from a representative TB/HIV co-infected participant is shown. b Differences in frequencies of total monocytes and monocyte subsets (classical, non-classical, intermediate, and transitional) between study groups (TB/HIV, TB, HIV and HC). c Differences in frequencies of dendritic cells and their subsets (mDC, pDC, and CD123^dim CD11c.⁺⁺) between study groups. b and c Boxes represent median and interquartile ranges; whiskers represent 5–95 percentiles. Differences in cell population frequencies among the groups were assessed using a Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test for data that were not normally distributed and one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s post-test for normally-distributed data. *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001