Table 2.
Sample characteristics by sex
| Overall N = 5888 |
Men N = 2495 |
Female N = 3393 |
P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (std) | 72.8 (5.6) | 73.3 (5.7) | 72.5 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Education (years), mean (std) | 13.7 (4.8) | 14.1 (5.1) | 13.4 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
| MMSE, mean (std) | 89.6 (7.3) | 89.2 (7.5) | 89.9 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| # of diseases, mean (std)a | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (std) | 26.7 (4.7) | 26.4 (3.8) | 26.9 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
| Race(black), n (%) | 933 (15.9) | 347 (13.9) | 586 (17.3) | < 0.001 |
| Marriage, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Married | 3893 (66.2) | 2064 (82.8) | 1829 (54.0) | |
| Widowed | 1449 (24.6) | 261 (10.5) | 1188 (35.0) | |
| Separated/divorced/never married | 540 (9.2) | 167 (6.7) | 373 (11.0) | |
| # of depressive symptoms, mean (std) | 4.7 (4.6) | 3.9 (4.2) | 5.3 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| Income | < 0.010 | |||
| < $16,000 | 2324 (42.2) | 762 (32.0) | 1562 (49.9) | |
| $16,000–35,000 | 1925 (34.9) | 948 (39.9) | 977 (31.2) | |
| > $35,000 | 1259 (22.9) | 668 (28.1) | 591 (18.9) | |
| Health status, n (%) | 0.038 | |||
| excellent | 790 (13.5) | 362 (14.5) | 428 (12.6) | |
| very good | 1415 (24.1) | 592 (23.8) | 823 (24.3) | |
| good | 2175 (37.0) | 944 (37.9) | 1231 (36.4) | |
| fair | 1256 (21.4) | 500 (20.1) | 756 (22.3) | |
| poor | 239 (4.1) | 91 (3.7) | 148 (4.4) | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 840 (14.3) | 362 (14.5) | 478 (14.1) | 0.650 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 275 (4.7) | 133 (5.3) | 142 (4.2) | 0.040 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 562 (9.5) | 350 (14.0) | 212 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 1154 (19.6) | 622 (24.9) | 532 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 3025 (52.0) | 1090 (44.2) | 1935 (57.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetics, n (%) | 1740 (29.9) | 838 (33.9) | 902 (26.9) | < 0.001 |
| Angina, n (%) | 964 (16.4) | 498 (20.0) | 466 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
aDiseases included are: rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, cancer, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, angina
*For continuous variables, t-tests were used for inferences; for categorical variables, Chi-square tests were used