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. 2023 Jul 21;21:176. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01196-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — GC cells activate neutrophils to release NETs, which promote the invasion and metastasis of GC cells. a Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the difference in NET release from neutrophils between healthy volunteers and gastric cancer patients under the same conditions of stimulation. Neutrophils were stimulated with the supernatants of GES-1, MKN-45, AGS, and HGC-27 cells and characterized by cit-H3 (green) and MPO (red). b The percentage of NET cells released by NETs. c Cell-impermeable SYTOX Green staining was used to observe the difference in NETs released from healthy volunteers and gastric cancer patients under the same conditions of stimulation. Neutrophils and NETs (green). d The percentage of NET cells released by neutrophils. e, f The effect of NETs on the migration ability of the gastric cancer cell lines MKN-1 and HGC27 was detected using the scratch test. g The Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of NETs on the invasive ability of the gastric cancer cell lines MKN-1 and HGC27. h The number of cells passing through the compartment was counted using Image J software. Magnification, × 20; scale bars: 50 μm; red, cit-H3; green, MPO; blue, DAPI. All values are presented as means ± standard deviations. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. GC, gastric cancer; GES-1, gastric mucosal epithelial cells; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; MPO, myeloperoxidase; cit-H3, citrullinated histone H3