. 2023 Jul 22;23:1409. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16274-7

Table 2.

Levels of cognitive performance and social isolation in elderly Chinese participants at each time point

Variable	No. of participants	2011	2013	2015	2018
Cognition score	F = 1662.07, p < 0.001^a
Total	9367	10.99 $\pm$ 4.21	11.08 $\pm$ 4.21	10.64 $\pm$ 4.35	8.97 $\pm$ 4.36
Age, years
45 ~ 59	5478	11.53 $\pm$ 4.04	11.66 $\pm$ 4.00	11.36 $\pm$ 4.08	9.34 $\pm$ 4.18
60 ~ 64	1833	10.75 $\pm$ 4.24	10.90 $\pm$ 4.14	10.42 $\pm$ 4.29	8.76 $\pm$ 4.35
65 ~ 79	1980	9.80 $\pm$ 4.35	9.76 $\pm$ 4.46	8.98 $\pm$ 4.56	7.46 $\pm$ 4.48
≥ 80	76	8.34 $\pm$ 4.55	7.99 $\pm$ 4.74	6.79 $\pm$ 4.73	5.14 $\pm$ 4.25
Gender
Male	4341	12.05 $\pm$ 3.75	12.15 $\pm$ 3.7	11.66 $\pm$ 3.82	9.79 $\pm$ 3.98
Female	5026	10.08 $\pm$ 4.38	10.15 $\pm$ 4.4	9.76 $\pm$ 4.57	7.94 $\pm$ 4.49
Education level ^b
Level 1	4218	8.68 $\pm$ 3.98	8.70 $\pm$ 3.99	8.07 $\pm$ 4.11	6.20 $\pm$ 3.83
Level 2	4802	12.74 $\pm$ 3.38	12.88 $\pm$ 3.27	12.59 $\pm$ 3.27	10.77 $\pm$ 3.53
Level 3	347	14.83 $\pm$ 2.69	15.13 $\pm$ 2.62	14.80 $\pm$ 2.61	12.97 $\pm$ 2.86
Health burden^c
None	3023	11.41 $\pm$ 4.20	11.35 $\pm$ 4.18	10.90 $\pm$ 4.34	9.02 $\pm$ 4.31
Mild	4663	10.85 $\pm$ 4.20	11.00 $\pm$ 4.23	10.56 $\pm$ 4.35	8.67 $\pm$ 4.38
Severe	1681	10.61 $\pm$ 4.21	10.81 $\pm$ 4.18	10.37 $\pm$ 4.32	8.74 $\pm$ 4.37
Social isolation score	F = 91.21, p < 0.001^a
Total	9367	2.12 $\pm$ 1.12	2.02 $\pm$ 1.09	2.14 $\pm$ 1.13	2.24 $\pm$ 1.15
Age, years
45 ~ 59	5478	2.00 $\pm$ 1.09	1.91 $\pm$ 1.06	1.99 $\pm$ 1.11	2.07 $\pm$ 1.11
60 ~ 64	1833	2.19 $\pm$ 1.11	2.06 $\pm$ 1.08	2.24 $\pm$ 1.10	2.33 $\pm$ 1.13
65 ~ 79	1980	2.37 $\pm$ 1.14	2.26 $\pm$ 1.12	2.42 $\pm$ 1.14	2.59 $\pm$ 1.16
≥ 80	76	2.62 $\pm$ 1.21	2.64 $\pm$ 1.25	2.72 $\pm$ 1.23	3.24 $\pm$ 1.07
Gender
Male	4341	2.07 $\pm$ 1.11	1.96 $\pm$ 1.08	2.07 $\pm$ 1.13	2.19 $\pm$ 1.14
Female	5026	2.17 $\pm$ 1.12	2.08 $\pm$ 1.09	2.20 $\pm$ 1.12	2.29 $\pm$ 1.16
Education level
Level 1	4218	2.30 $\pm$ 1.11	2.25 $\pm$ 1.09	2.38 $\pm$ 1.11	2.48 $\pm$ 1.14
Level 2	4802	2.01 $\pm$ 1.10	1.87 $\pm$ 1.06	1.96 $\pm$ 1.11	2.08 $\pm$ 1.12
Level 3	347	1.46 $\pm$ 0.95	1.43 $\pm$ 0.80	1.62 $\pm$ 0.98	1.62 $\pm$ 1.01
Health burden
None	3023	2.11 $\pm$ 1.10	2.00 $\pm$ 1.08	2.10 $\pm$ 1.13	2.21 $\pm$ 1.15
Mild	4663	2.11 $\pm$ 1.12	2.02 $\pm$ 1.09	2.15 $\pm$ 1.13	2.24 $\pm$ 1.15
Severe	1681	2.16 $\pm$ 1.13	2.07 $\pm$ 1.11	2.17 $\pm$ 1.13	2.28 $\pm$ 1.15

^ap value was calculated by one-way repeated measures ANOVA.

^b Education level, Level 1: Below primary level; Level 2: Elementary/Middle/High school; Level 3: Above senior high school level

^c Health burden, None (no NCD); Mild (1 or 2 types of NCDs); Severe (more than 3 types of NCDs)