Table 1.
Patient demographics
| Early group (n = 851) | Normal group (n = 586) | SMD | Early group (n = 861) | Normal group (n = 558) | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median [IQR]) | 69.1 [58.0, 78.8] | 67.0 [56.7, 78.3] | 0.048 | 67.9 [56.8, 78.0] | 67.67 [57.27, 79.24] | 0.078 |
| Male (%) | 522 (61.3) | 327 (55.8) | 0.113 | 508 (59.0) | 327 (58.6) | 0.009 |
| Weight (median [IQR]) | 81.0 [69.6, 97.5] | 78.8 [65.6, 97.5] | 0.076 | 80.6 [68.7, 96.8] | 78.20 [65.09, 97.16] | 0.070 |
| Race (%) | 0.165 | 0.033 | ||||
| White | 19 (2.2) | 23 (3.9) | 26 (3.1) | 18 (3.2) | ||
| Black | 61 (7.2) | 62 (10.6) | 72 (8.4) | 48 (8.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 30 (3.5) | 21 (3.6) | 31 (3.6) | 21 (3.7) | ||
| Asian | 176 (20.7) | 123 (21.0) | 185 (21.5) | 125 (22.4) | ||
| Other | 565 (66.4) | 357 (60.9) | 547 (63.5) | 346 (62.0) | ||
| Admission type (%) | 0.200 | 0.086 | ||||
| Elective | 192 (22.6) | 93 (15.9) | 168 (19.5) | 94 (16.7) | ||
| Emergency | 449 (52.8) | 362 (61.8) | 491 (57.1) | 341 (61.0) | ||
| Urgent | 210 (24.7) | 131 (22.4) | 202 (23.4) | 124 (22.3) | ||
| First care unit (%) | 0.586 | 0.095 | ||||
| Cardiac ICU | 281 (33.0) | 63 (10.8) | 203 (23.6) | 110 (19.7) | ||
| Medical/Surgical ICU | 382 (44.9) | 391 (66.7) | 465 (54.1) | 318 (56.9) | ||
| Neuro ICU | 6 (0.7) | 8 (1.4) | 9 (1.0) | 6 (1.1) | ||
| TSICU | 182 (21.4) | 124 (21.2) | 184 (21.4) | 124 (22.3) | ||
| Time from hypotension episode to NE use (minute, median [IQR]) | 3.0 [0.0, 24.5] | 13.0 [0.0, 147.8] | 0.174 | 5.0 [0.0, 35.7] | 10.00 [0.00, 105.80] | 0.02 |
| Maximum NEQ dose (median [IQR]) | 0.64 [0.37, 1.15] | 1.06 [0.82, 1.35] | 0.201 | 0.77 [0.4, 1.3] | 1.02 [0.80, 1.30] | 0.036 |
| Scoring system | ||||||
| SOFA (median [IQR]) | 12 [9, 14] | 13 [11, 16] | 0.372 | 12 [10, 15] | 12.00 [10.00, 15.00] | 0.029 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (median [IQR]) | 6 [4, 8] | 6 [5, 8] | 0.057 | 6 [4, 8] | 6.00 [5.00, 8.00] | 0.024 |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Antibiotic use < 1 h from sepsis (%) | 334 (39.2) | 265 (45.2) | 0.121 | 356 (41.3) | 238 (42.5) | 0.025 |
| RRT (%) | 128 (15.0) | 131 (22.4) | 0.188 | 157 (18.2) | 103 (18.4) | 0.004 |
| MV (%) | 685 (80.5) | 477 (81.4) | 0.023 | 697 (81.0) | 457 (81.8) | 0.022 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Endocarditis (%) | 18 (2.1) | 13 (2.2) | 0.007 | 20 (2.4) | 15 (2.7) | 0.024 |
| CHF (%) | 331 (38.9) | 186 (31.7) | 0.15 | 312 (36.2) | 192 (34.4) | 0.037 |
| AFIB (%) | 364 (42.8) | 181 (30.9) | 0.248 | 323 (37.5) | 1978 (35.4) | 0.044 |
| Renal disease (%) | 219 (25.7) | 159 (27.1) | 0.032 | 219 (25.5) | 149 (26.6) | 0.026 |
| Liver disease (%) | 95 (11.2) | 84 (14.3) | 0.095 | 116 (13.5) | 73 (13.1) | 0.013 |
| COPD (%) | 144 (16.9) | 81 (13.8) | 0.086 | 141 (16.3) | 81 (14.5) | 0.051 |
| CAD (%) | 287 (33.7) | 123 (21.0) | 0.289 | 240 (27.8) | 144 (25.7) | 0.048 |
| Stroke (%) | 44 (5.2) | 26 (4.4) | 0.034 | 42 (4.8) | 37 (6.2) | 0.059 |
| Malignancy (%) | 149 (17.5) | 146 (24.9) | 0.182 | 177 (20.6) | 121 (21.6) | 0.025 |
| Respiratory failure (%) | 389 (45.7) | 296 (50.5) | 0.096 | 420 (48.8) | 282 (50.6) | 0.034 |
| ARDS (%) | 72 (8.5) | 60 (10.2) | 0.061 | 76 (8.8) | 58 (10.3) | 0.051 |
| Pneumonia (%) | 286 (33.6) | 230 (39.2) | 0.117 | 313 (36.4) | 214 (38.4) | 0.041 |
| Vital sign | ||||||
| Heart rate (median [IQR]) | 92.85 [80.14, 107.10] | 97.35 [84.15, 109.53] | 0.175 | 96.38 [81.55, 108.91] | 96.66 [84.48, 108.01] | 0.044 |
| Systolic BP (median [IQR]) | 103.79 [97.78, 110.40] | 101.98 [95.86, 108.14] | 0.177 | 102.51 [96.67, 109.60] | 102.24 [96.26, 108.25] | 0.034 |
| Diastolic BP (median [IQR]) | 55.98 [50.56, 61.48] | 55.39 [49.59, 60.69] | 0.052 | 55.81 [50.38, 61.47] | 55.84 [49.96, 60.79] | 0.004 |
| MAP (median [IQR]) | 70.08 [65.91, 74.40] | 68.99 [64.20, 73.98] | 0.143 | 69.61 [65.25, 74.17] | 69.40 [64.79, 74.51] | 0.005 |
| Respiratory rate (median [IQR]) | 21.00 [18.23, 24.48] | 23.08 [19.79, 26.06] | 0.364 | 21.83 [18.88, 25.38] | 22.31 [19.38, 25.55] | 0.064 |
| Temperature (median [IQR]) | 36.84 [36.50, 37.22] | 36.85 [36.45, 37.36] | 0.037 | 36.84 [36.45, 37.28] | 36.82 [36.43, 37.34] | 0.011 |
| Oxygen saturation (median [IQR]) | 97.17 [95.28, 98.43] | 96.43 [94.21, 98.07] | 0.145 | 96.95 [94.84, 98.30] | 96.70 [94.50, 98.20] | 0.037 |
| Laboratory indicator | ||||||
| WBC (median [IQR]) | 14.45 [9.90, 20.02] | 15.37 [8.87, 21.85] | 0.086 | 14.55 [9.60, 20.68] | 15.49 [9.10, 21.85] | 0.041 |
| Hemoglobin (median [IQR]) | 9.80 [8.84, 11.23] | 9.96 [8.70, 11.58] | 0.036 | 9.80 [8.75, 11.35] | 9.99 [8.77, 11.62] | 0.049 |
| BUN (median [IQR]) | 29.40 [19.00, 45.58] | 37.33 [23.04, 55.85] | 0.261 | 31.90 [20.00, 50.00] | 34.00 [21.00, 53.33] | 0.037 |
| PT (median [IQR]) | 16.82 [14.38, 21.75] | 18.30 [14.65, 24.71] | 0.181 | 17.25 [14.60, 23.13] | 17.71 [14.45, 23.44] | 0.029 |
| APTT (median [IQR]) | 37.20 [31.19, 48.52] | 40.22 [32.34, 55.06] | 0.158 | 38.26 [31.45, 51.24] | 39.87 [31.80, 53.96] | 0.038 |
| INR (median [IQR]) | 1.53 [1.30, 2.03] | 1.69 [1.35, 2.30] | 0.167 | 1.60 [1.30, 2.15] | 1.62 [1.30, 2.15] | 0.027 |
| Bicarbonate (median [IQR]) | 19.50 [16.00, 22.50] | 17.17 [14.00, 20.58] | 0.400 | 18.50 [15.00, 21.67] | 18.00 [15.00, 21.50] | 0.034 |
| Anion gap (median [IQR]) | 16.25 [13.00, 20.17] | 18.82 [15.75, 23.32] | 0.432 | 17.20 [14.00, 21.50] | 17.60 [14.74, 22.00] | 0.043 |
| Sodium (median [IQR]) | 138.00 [135.00, 141.00] | 137.50 [134.00, 140.50] | 0.126 | 137.80 [134.50, 140.80] | 137.64 [134.00, 140.67] | 0.008 |
| Chloride (median [IQR]) | 105.00 [100.50, 109.00] | 103.33 [98.00, 107.75] | 0.216 | 104.33 [99.50, 108.50] | 104.00 [99.00, 108.33] | 0.019 |
| Potassium (median [IQR]) | 4.33 [3.95, 4.75] | 4.40 [4.00, 5.04] | 0.193 | 4.37 [3.95, 4.86] | 4.34 [3.95, 4.93] | 0.001 |
| Lactate (median [IQR]) | 3.13 [1.90, 5.29] | 3.96 [2.40, 6.64] | 0.252 | 3.35 [2.00, 5.92] | 3.66 [2.23, 6.11] | 0.015 |
SMD standardized mean difference, IQR inter quartile range, ICU intensive care unit, NEQ norepinephrine-equivalent doses, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, RRT renal replacement therapy, MV mechanical ventilation, CHF congestive heart failure, AFIB atrial fibrillation, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CAD coronary atherothrombotic disease; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, BP blood pressure, MAP mean artery pressure, WBC white blood cell; BUN blood urea nitrogen, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, INR international normalized ratio