Table 1.

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion	Exclusion
Leadership intervention	Interventions not explicitly using the term leadership or leadership development was a minor objective
Content of the intervention is sufficiently described	Intervention’s content is insufficiently described
Outcomes reported beyond participant satisfaction	No, or very limited, outcome description
Hospital setting	Primary care and other non-hospital settings
At least one physician (in combination with other healthcare professionals e.g., nurses)	No physicians (residents were also excluded)
Published between January 2010 and March 2021a	Educational or academic leadership only
	Languages other than English

^a None of included documents reported on LDPs conducted within the specific context of the COVID-19 pandemic