Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the studied population
| Data | N = 152 |
|---|---|
| Demographic data | |
| Females, n (%) | 91 (59.9) |
| Age (years) | 54.79 ± 10.09 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 42.36 ± 10.67 |
| Known diabetes duration (years) | 12.64 ± 8.43 |
| Years of school attendance | 9.43 ± 4.36 |
| Self-reported color-race (white/non-white), n (%) | 39.5/60.5 |
| Positive family history (FH) | |
| FH of type 2 diabetes, n(%) | 113 (74.3) |
| FH of obesity, n (%) | 65 (42.8) |
| FH of hypertension, n (%) | 117 (77.0) |
| FH of premature CAD, n (%) | 59 (38.8) |
| FH of known thyroid dysfunction, n (%) | 15 (9.9) |
| Anthropometric data | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 5.1 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 132.2 ± 15.5 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.9 ± 9.7 |
| HR (bpm) | 80.7 ± 13.1 |
| Waist (cm) | 99.1 ± 11.2 |
| WHR (cm) | 0.97 ± 0.09 |
| Classic cardiovascular risk factors | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 114 (75.0) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 131 (86.2) |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 13 (8.6) |
| Sedentary lifestyle, n (%) | 108 (71.1) |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 62 (40.8) |
| Treatment data | |
| Basal insulin, n (%) | 84 (55.6) |
| Metformin, n (%) | 143 (94.1) |
| Statins, n (%) | 118 (77.6) |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 114 (75.0) |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 53 (35.8) |
| Diabetes-related chronic complications | |
| Retinopathy, yes, n (%) | 51 (34) |
| Diabetic renal disease (GFR < 60 ml/min), n (%) | 22 (14.3) |
| Neuropathy (self-reported or symptoms), n (%) | 75 (48.7) |
| Laboratory data | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 172.3 ± 86.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.1 ± 1.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 193.3 ± 61.2 |
| Triglycerides(mg/dl) | 161 (41–820) |
| HDLc (mg/dl) | 57.9 ± 17.9 |
| Non_HDL (mg/dl) | 135.4 ± 54.6 |
| LDLc (mg/dl) | 95.7 ± 41.2 |
| TSH (µUI/ml) | 2.1 ± 1.3 |
| FreeT4 (ng/dl) | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 0.51 (0.01–4.29) |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.1 ± 2.2 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.7 ± 0.9 |
| Albuminuria (mg/g) | 9.5 (0.22–374.06) |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 85.6 ± 25.1 |
| CIMT data | |
| IMT on the right (mm) | 0.66 ± 0.14 |
| IMT on the left (mm) | 0.70 ± 0.14 |
| IMT on worst side (mm) | 0.70 ± 0.14 |
| Vascular age using right CIMT (years) | 54.1 ± 13.5 |
| Vascular age using left CIMT (years) | 54.8 ± 13.9 |
| Vascular age using worst CIMT (years) | 58.7 ± 14.1 |
| Framingham risk score | |
| Global FRS | 19.1 ± 13.3 |
| FRS with VA on worst side | 22.3 ± 17.8 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |
| Aortic diameter (mm) | 32.0 ± 3.7 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 35.1 ± 3.3 |
| Right ventricular diameter (mm) | 15.9 ± 0.5 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 49.2 ± 4.7 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm) | 28.9 ± 3.9 |
| Interventricular septal thickness (mm) | 8.7 ± 1.2 |
| Left ventricular mass (g) | 152.8 ± 38.9 |
| EF (%) | 71.8 ± 6.1 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic volume | 33.0 ± 11.4 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume | 115.7 ± 25.3 |
| Left atrial diameter fraction-shortening (%) | 58.5 ± 5.1 |
| End-diastolic thickness of left ventricular posterior wall (mm) | 9.3 ± 7.4 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range (IQR)
FH family history, CAD coronary artery disease, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, WHR waist to hip ratio, GFR glomerular filtration rate, HDLc high density cholesterol, LDLc low density cholesterol, CRP C protein, CIMT carotid intima-media thickness, IMT intima-media thickness, FRS Framingham risk score, VA vascular age, EF ejection fraction