Table 2.
The averages of biological age (BA) and its differences with chronological age (CA) by tertile of total flavonoids intake
| Variables | BA | BA difference (BA − CA) | Heart BA | Heart BA difference (BA − CA) | Kidney BA | Kidney BA difference (BA − CA) | Liver BA | Liver BA difference (BA − CA) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | |
| Total flavonoid intake tertiles | 47.03 (0.49) | – | − 0.58 (0.15) | – | 46.65 (0.49) | – | − 0.96 (0.23) | – | 48.01 (0.59) | – | 0.40 (0.34) | – | 44.43 (0.88) | – | − 3.19 (0.71) | – |
| Q1 | 44.89 (0.72) | < 0.01 | 0.22 (0.28) | < 0.01 | 44.49 (0.73) | 0.01 | − 0.17 (0.32) | < 0.01 | 45.83 (0.85) | 0.01 | 1.17 (0.66) | 0.36 | 45.11 (1.38) | 0.52 | 0.44 (1.17) | < 0.01 |
| Q2 | 46.79 (0.85) | − 0.51 (0.25) | 46.74 (0.87) | − 0.55 (0.43) | 47.45 (0.92) | 0.15 (0.49) | 43.14 (1.64) | − 4.15 (1.11) | ||||||||
| Q3 | 48.43 (0.66) | − 1.10 (0.16) | 47.86 (0.69) | − 1.68 (0.29) | 49.64 (0.77) | 0.10 (0.47) | 44.84 (1.01) | − 4.69 (0.79) | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 47.36 (0.54) | 0.29 | 0.91 (0.16) | < 0.01 | 46.47 (0.50) | 0.58 | 0.02 (0.30) | < 0.01 | 53.91 (0.68) | < 0.01 | 7.46 (0.35) | < 0.01 | 38.82 (1.14) | < 0.01 | − 7.63 (0.85) | < 0.01 |
| Female | 46.72 (0.60) | − 2.01 (0.18) | 46.83 (0.66) | − 1.90 (0.27) | 42.40 (0.65) | − 6.33 (0.33) | 49.77 (0.97) | 1.04 (0.87) | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| ~ 30 | 25.53 (0.35) | < 0.01 | 0.82 (0.29) | < 0.01 | 25.23 (0.38) | < 0.01 | 0.53 (0.31) | < 0.01 | 27.69 (0.69) | < 0.01 | 2.98 (0.65) | < 0.01 | 18.94 (1.24) | < 0.01 | − 5.77 (1.21) | < 0.01 |
| 30–59 | 43.86 (0.30) | − 1.02 (0.18) | 43.56 (0.32) | − 1.33 (0.29) | 44.64 (0.50) | − 0.25 (0.42) | 42.72 (1.07) | − 2.16 (0.94) | ||||||||
| ≥ 60 | 69.21 (0.37) | − 0.61 (0.23) | 68.60 (0.59) | − 1.22 (0.44) | 69.80 (0.55) | − 0.02 (0.52) | 66.19 (1.00) | − 3.63 (0.99) | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 48.57 (0.58) | < 0.01 | − 0.56 (0.41) | < 0.01 | 47.95 (0.58) | < 0.01 | − 1.53 (0.30) | < 0.01 | 49.79 (0.73) | < 0.01 | 0.31 (0.40) | < 0.01 | 44.17 (1.20) | < 0.01 | − 5.31 (0.95) | < 0.01 |
| Black | 45.51 (0.87) | 1.05 (0.40) | 46.00 (1.06) | 1.54 (0.58) | 47.21 (1.14) | 2.75 (0.75) | 51.90 (1.74) | 7.44 (1.58) | ||||||||
| Mexican | 40.99 (0.80) | 0.31 (0.31) | 41.73 (0.93) | 1.06 (0.48) | 39.27 (0.94) | − 1.40 (0.58) | 43.50 (1.17) | 2.83 (1.00) | ||||||||
| Others | 41.87 (1.05) | − 0.91 (0.20) | 41.51 (1.19) | − 0.93 (0.48) | 42.43 (1.25) | − 0.01 (0.97) | 39.43 (2.06) | − 3.01 (1.73) | ||||||||
| Healthy behavior factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Smoke status | ||||||||||||||||
| Current smokers | 42.61 (0.81 | < 0.01 | 0.58 (0.22) | < 0.01 | 41.67 (0.88) | < 0.01 | − 0.36 (0.37) | 0.08 | 42.25 (0.89) | < 0.01 | 0.21 (0.71) | 0.78 | 43.49 (1.89) | 0.6 | 1.46 (1.39) | < 0.01 |
| No smoke | 48.05 (0.57) | − 0.85 (0.15) | 47.80 (0.59) | − 1.10 (0.25) | 49.34 (0.71) | 0.44 (0.38) | 44.65 (1.00) | − 4.26 (0.79) | ||||||||
| Drinking | ||||||||||||||||
| No drink user | 51.29 (1.06) | < 0.01 | − 0.20 (0.28) | < 0.01 | 51.19 (1.00) | < 0.01 | − 0.30 (0.50) | < 0.01 | 49.42 (1.22) | < 0.01 | − 2.07 (0.67) | < 0.01 | 55.17 (2.12) | < 0.01 | 3.68 (1.62) | < 0.01 |
| Former | 54.54 (0.99) | − 0.20 (0.28) | 54.29 (1.04) | − 0.45 (0.40) | 53.88 (1.22) | − 0.86 (0.69) | 55.09 (1.94) | 0.35 (1.48) | ||||||||
| Mild | 49.03 (0.60) | − 1.35 (0.19) | 48.44 (0.64) | − 1.94 (0.37) | 51.41 (0.76) | 1.03 (0.41) | 42.78 (1.24) | − 7.60 (0.93) | ||||||||
| Moderate | 42.79 (0.89) | − 1.28 (0.34) | 42.44 (0.98) | − 1.62 (0.51) | 42.76 (1.02) | − 1.30 (0.64) | 41.13 (1.44) | − 2.93 (1.34) | ||||||||
| Heavy | 38.36 (0.64) | 0.91 (0.28) | 38.09 (0.72) | 0.64 (0.45) | 40.35 (0.80) | 2.90 (0.66) | 35.84 (1.63) | − 1.61 (1.51) | ||||||||
| Physical activity level | ||||||||||||||||
| Never | 54.30 (0.70) | < 0.01 | 0.10 (0.25) | < 0.01 | 53.57 (0.73) | < 0.01 | − 0.63 (0.35) | 0.01 | 54.25 (0.85) | < 0.01 | 0.05 (0.55) | < 0.01 | 58.87 (1.66) | < 0.01 | 4.67 (1.43) | < 0.01 |
| Low | 48.43 (0.72) | − 1.21 (0.26) | 48.13 (0.81) | − 1.50 (0.46) | 48.75 (0.87) | − 0.88 (0.56) | 46.54 (1.16) | − 3.09 (0.97) | ||||||||
| Intermediate | 43.98 (0.75) | − 1.19 (0.24) | 43.73 (0.78) | − 1.44 (0.36) | 45.42 (0.95) | 0.25 (0.62) | 36.52 (1.07) | − 8.65 (0.84) | ||||||||
| High | 42.24 (0.75) | 0.26 (0.27) | 41.94 (0.73) | − 0.04 (0.41) | 44.43 (0.97) | 2.44 (0.48) | 37.92 (1.23) | − 4.07 (0.99) | ||||||||
| Chronic disease factors | ||||||||||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||||||||||
| BMI < 25 | 42.63 (0.84) | < 0.01 | − 2.12 (0.25) | < 0.01 | 41.63 (0.85) | < 0.01 | − 3.12 (0.32) | < 0.01 | 41.21 (0.84) | < 0.01 | − 3.54 (0.53) | < 0.01 | 33.53 (1.35) | < 0.01 | − 11.22 (0.95) | < 0.01 |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 49.08 (0.36) | 0.13 (0.15) | 49.00 (0.40) | 0.04 (0.25) | 51.19 (0.56) | 2.23 (0.38) | 49.51 (0.85) | 0.56 (0.84) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||||||||||
| No Hypertension | 40.00 (0.49) | < 0.01 | − 1.81 (0.17) | < 0.01 | 38.93 (0.49) | < 0.01 | − 2.88 (0.27) | < 0.01 | 40.79 (0.64) | < 0.01 | − 1.02 (0.36) | < 0.01 | 36.47 (0.91) | < 0.01 | − 5.33 (0.77) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 59.31 (0.44) | 1.55 (0.20) | 60.14 (0.45) | 2.38 (0.30) | 60.62 (0.66) | 2.86 (0.54) | 58.32 (1.09) | 0.56 (1.03) | ||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||||||||||
| No diabetes | 41.52 (0.54) | < 0.01 | − 1.59 (0.18) | < 0.01 | 40.70 (0.53) | < 0.01 | − 2.41 (0.25) | < 0.01 | 42.78 (0.68) | < 0.01 | − 0.33 (0.36) | < 0.01 | 38.00 (1.04) | < 0.01 | − 5.10 (0.83) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 57.97 (0.55) | 1.40 (0.22) | 58.47 (0.57) | 1.90 (0.34) | 58.40 (0.73) | 1.83 (0.55) | 57.18 (1.09) | 0.61 (1.08) | ||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||||||||||||
| No CKD | 44.33 (0.51) | < 0.01 | − 1.10 (0.16) | < 0.01 | 44.06 (0.50) | < 0.01 | − 1.36 (0.24) | < 0.01 | 44.81 (0.59) | < 0.01 | − 0.62 (0.33) | < 0.01 | 41.36 (0.94) | < 0.01 | − 4.07 (0.71) | < 0.01 |
| CKD | 65.70 (0.95) | 2.96 (0.37) | 64.54 (1.05) | 1.80 (0.65) | 70.15 (1.35) | 7.41 (1.04) | 65.64 (1.78) | 2.91 (1.66) | ||||||||
Values are means (SD) for continuous variables. Data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis for continuous variables
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease.