Table 3.
The results of multiple linear regression analysis for the association between total flavonoids intake and differences in biological age (BA) with chronological age (CA)
| Variables | Whole body BA differences | Heart BA differences | Kidney BA differences | Liver BA differences | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β(95%CI) | P | β(95%CI) | P | β(95%CI) | P | β(95%CI) | P | |
| Total flavonoid intake | ||||||||
| Q1 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Q2 | − 0.73 (− 1.30, − 0.16) | 0.01 | − 0.38 (− 1.36, 0.60) | 0.43 | − 1.02 (− 2.62, 0.59) | 0.21 | − 4.59 (− 7.38, − 1.81) | < 0.01 |
| Q3 | − 1.33 (− 1.95, − 0.71) | < 0.01 | − 1.51 (− 2.32, − 0.70) | < 0.01 | − 1.07 (− 2.66, 0.52) | 0.18 | − 5.14 (− 7.77, − 2.50) | < 0.01 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Female | − 2.92 (− 3.29, − 2.54) | < 0.01 | − 1.92 (− 2.63, − 1.21) | < 0.01 | − 13.79 (− 14.67, − 12.91) | < 0.01 | 8.66 (6.64, 10.68) | < 0.01 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| ~ 30 | 1.43 (0.80, 2.06) | < 0.01 | 1.74 (0.73, 2.75) | < 0.01 | 3 (1.35, 4.66) | < 0.01 | − 2.14 (− 4.94, 0.67) | 0.13 |
| 30–59 | − 0.41 (− 0.98, 0.15) | 0.15 | − 0.11 (− 1.18, 0.96) | 0.84 | − 0.23 (− 1.30, 0.85) | 0.67 | 1.47 (− 0.77, 3.71) | 0.19 |
| ≥ 60 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Healthy behavior factors | ||||||||
| Smoke status | ||||||||
| Current smokers | 1.43 (0.99, 1.88) | < 0.01 | 0.74 (− 0.08, 1.57) | 0.08 | − 0.22 (− 1.82, 1.37) | 0.02 | 5.71 (2.58, 8.84) | < 0.01 |
| No smoke | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Drinking | ||||||||
| No drink user | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Former | 0.01 (− 0.79, 0.80) | 0.99 | − 0.15 (− 1.62, 1.32) | 0.83 | 1.21 (− 0.59, 3.01) | 0.18 | − 3.32 (− 7.83, 1.18) | 0.14 |
| Mild | − 1.15 (− 1.78, − 0.52) | < 0.01 | − 1.64 (− 2.82, − 0.46) | 0.01 | 3.1 (1.61, 4.60) | < 0.01 | − 11.27 (− 14.59, − 7.95) | < 0.01 |
| Moderate | − 1.07 (− 1.80, − 0.34) | 0.01 | − 1.32 (− 2.66, 0.01) | 0.05 | 0.77 (− 0.84, 2.38) | 0.34 | − 6.61 (− 10.37, − 2.85) | < 0.01 |
| Heavy | 1.12 (0.27, 1.97) | 0.01 | 0.94 (− 0.34, 2.22) | 0.14 | 4.97 (2.96, 6.98) | < 0.01 | − 5.28 (− 9.47, − 1.10) | 0.02 |
| Physical activity level | ||||||||
| Never | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Low | − 1.31 (− 2.00, − 0.61) | < 0.01 | − 0.87 (− 2.05, 0.31) | 0.14 | − 0.93 (− 2.40, 0.55) | 0.21 | − 7.76 (− 11.12, − 4.39) | < 0.01 |
| Intermediate | − 1.29 (− 1.99, − 0.58) | < 0.01 | − 0.81 (− 1.94, 0.32) | 0.15 | 0.2 (− 1.40, 1.80) | 0.80 | − 13.32 (− 16.41, − 10.22) | < 0.01 |
| High | 0.16 (− 0.69, 1.01) | 0.70 | 0.59 (− 0.70, 1.87) | 0.36 | 2.39 (0.94, 3.84) | 0.002 | − 8.74 (− 11.60, − 5.87) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic disease factors | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| BMI < 25 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 2.25 (1.70, 2.80) | < 0.01 | 3.17 (2.43, 3.91) | < 0.01 | 5.78 (4.68, 6.87) | < 0.01 | 11.78 (9.45, 14.11) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No Hypertension | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Hypertension | 3.35 (2.87,3.83) | < 0.01 | 5.26 (4.51, 6.01) | < 0.01 | 3.88 (2.74, 5.01) | < 0.01 | 5.89 (3.63, 8.16) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No diabetes | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| Diabetes | 2.99 (2.42, 3.56) | < 0.01 | 4.3 (3.56, 5.05) | < 0.01 | 2.16 (1.00, 3.32) | < 0.01 | 5.71 (3.14, 8.28) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||||
| No CKD | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| CKD | 4.06 (3.19, 4.92) | < 0.01 | 3.16 (1.73,4.59) | < 0.01 | 8.03 (5.85, 10.21) | < 0.01 | 6.98 (3.75, 10.20) | < 0.01 |
Linear regression analysis was used to determine the standard β coefficient
BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, CI confidence interval