Table 3:
Differences between pretest and posttest
| Variables (Ranges) | Pretest | Posttest | t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Communication clarity (14–70) | Exp. | 43.56 (8.59) | 61.51 (5.72) | −12.262 | <.001 |
| Cont. | 61.70 (9.02) | 60.67 (10.34) | 0.417 | 0.680 | |
| Communication confidence (0–50) | Exp. | 15.77 (8.26) | 35.98 (7.96) | −12.486 | <.001 |
| Cont. | 34.07 (8.73) | 33.30 (8.85) | 0.359 | 0.722 | |
| Problem-solving process (25–125) | Exp. | 70.53 (13.19) | 101.09 (10.27) | −13.100 | <.001 |
| Cont. | 92.63 (12.97) | 91.73 (13.11) | 0.394 | 0.696 | |
| Team efficacy (8–40) | Exp. | 28.05 (6.03) | 35.28 (5.85) | −6.197 | <.001 |
| Cont. | 33.93 (5.78) | 34.80 (5.57) | −0.752 | 0.458 | |
Cont.=control group; Exp.=experimental group; SD=standard deviation.