. 2023 Jul 20;7(1):395–405. doi: 10.1089/heq.2022.0197

Table 3.

Adjusted Associations Between Financial Hardship Domains, Anxiety-Depression Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Loneliness, COVID-19's Unequal Racial Burden Survey, December 2020–Februrary 2021

	Lost income^a	Debt^b	Unmet expenses^c	Unmet health care expenses^d	Housing insecurity^c	Food insecurity^f
	aOR (95% CI)^g	aOR (95% CI)^g	aOR (95% CI)^g	aOR (95% CI)^g	aOR (95% CI)^g	aOR (95% CI)^g
Anxiety-depression symptoms^h
Moderate/severe	1.26 (1.06–1.48)	1.73 (1.43–2.09)	1.67 (1.37–2.05)	1.94 (1.61–2.34)	1.23 (0.98–1.53)	1.94 (1.52–2.46)
Mild	1.28 (1.10–1.49)	1.45 (1.22–1.71)	1.27 (1.05–1.54)	1.39 (1.16–1.68)	1.30 (1.04–1.61)	0.96 (0.74–1.25)
Perceived stressⁱ
Moderate/severe	1.25 (1.07–1.47)	1.82 (1.52–2.17)	1.94 (1.58–2.37)	1.93 (1.59–2.36)	1.50 (1.18–1.89)	1.99 (1.51–2.63)
Mild	1.20 (1.02–1.40)	1.27 (1.07–1.50)	1.57 (1.28–1.93)	1.55 (1.26–1.91)	1.10 (0.86–1.41)	1.09 (0.81–1.48)
Loneliness-isolation^j
Very/fairly often	1.15 (0.97–1.38)	1.74 (1.42–2.12)	1.52 (1.22–1.89)	1.90 (1.54–2.34)	1.46 (1.15–1.86)	1.87 (1.43–2.44)
Sometimes/almost never	1.21 (1.05–1.40)	1.23 (1.05–1.43)	1.27 (1.06–1.53)	1.83 (1.52–2.19)	1.28 (1.03–1.58)	1.01 (0.79–1.30)

^{^a}

Lost income included loss of job or reduced hours, or loss of work-related income.

^{^b}

Unmet expenses included not having enough money to meet daily needs or not enough money to pay monthly bills.

^{^c}

Debt included using up all/most of savings, having no savings before the pandemic, or having gone into debt or increased debt during the pandemic.

^{^d}

Unmet health care expenses included loss of health insurance, not having enough money to pay for health care, and not having enough money to pay for medications.

^{^e}

Housing insecurity included not having a regular place to live and not having enough money to pay rent, mortgage, or housing costs.

^{^f}

Food insecurity included being hungry but did not eat because not enough money for food.

^{^g}

Adjusted for other financial hardship domains, race-ethnicity, gender, age, highest education level, and self-reported physical health.

^{^h}

Anxiety-depression was measured with the PHQ-4 and scored as none (0), very mild (1–2), mild (3–5), moderate (6–8), or severe (9–12) and then collapsed to none, very mild/mild, or moderate/severe, due to small numbers in some of the categories.

^ⁱ

Perceived stress was assessed with a 6-item adapted version of the PSS-10; scoring=low (1; reference), mild (1.1–2), or moderate/severe stress (2.1–5).

^{^j}

Loneliness was assessed with a single item that asks how often in the past month they felt lonely and isolated; scoring=never (1; reference), almost never/sometimes (2–3), or fairly often/very often (4–5).