Table 1.
Review of Missing Data and Nonparametric Bootstrap Methods in Economic Evaluations
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) | Effectiveness Measure a | Nonparametric Bootstrap | Methods Addressing Missing Data b | Resampling Method Combination c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kraft, 1997 (40) | Abstinence | 0 | Complete case analysis | N/A |
| Avants, 1999 (38) | Abstinence, treatment retention | 0 | Complete case analysis | N/A |
| Hartz, 1999 (39) | Abstinence | 0 | Complete case analysis | N/A |
| Doran, 2003 (53) | Abstinence | 1 | Regress to baseline and mean imputation | Imputation before resampling |
| Doran, 2004 (64) | Abstinence | 0 | Mean imputation | N/A |
| Dijkgraaf, 2005 (52) | QALYs | 1 | Last-observation carried forward | Imputation before resampling |
| Harris, 2005 (51) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Last-observation carried forward | Imputation before resampling |
| Doran, 2006 (65) | Abstinence | 1 | Parametric imputation | Imputation before resampling |
| Bell, 2007 (47) | Abstinence, treatment retention | 1 | Complete case analysis | Complete case resampling |
| Olmstead, 2007 (44) | Abstinence | 1 | Complete case analysis | Complete case resampling |
| Sindelar, 2007 (45) | Abstinence | 1 | Complete case analysis, imputation by assumption | Complete case resampling |
| Fals-Stewart, 2008 (56) | Abstinence | 0 | Single imputation, worst-observation carried forward | N/A |
| Olmstead, 2009 (43) | Abstinence | 1 | Complete case analysis | Complete case resampling |
| Polsky, 2010 (68) | QALYs | 1 | Inverse probability weighting | Probability weights within resampling |
| Lo Sasso, 2012 (62) | Abstinence, illegal activity | 1 | Regression-based single imputation | Imputation before resampling |
| Ruger, 2012 (48) | Abstinence, treatment retention | 1 | Complete case analysis, imputation by assumption | Complete case resampling |
| Tran, 2012 (69) | QALYS | 0 | Inverse probability weighting | N/A |
| Byford, 2013 (46) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Complete case analysis | Complete case resampling |
| Murphy, 2015 (70) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Inverse probability weighting | Probability weights within resampling |
| Drost, 2016 (66) | Abstinence | 1 | Complete case analysis, subgroup sensitivity analysis | Complete case resampling |
| Goorden, 2016 (58) | QALYs | 1 | Complete case analysis, linear interpolation | Imputation before resampling |
| Murphy, 2016 (71) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Inverse probability weighting | Probability weights within resampling |
| Busch, 2017 (50) | Abstinence, treatment retention | 1 | Mean imputation, imputation by assumption | Imputation before resampling |
| Heslin, 2017 (60) | QALYs | 1 | Complete case analysis, subgroup mean and regression imputation | Imputation before resampling |
| Dunlop, 2017 (54) | Abstinence | 1 | Baseline observation carried forward | Imputation before resampling |
| Murphy, 2017 (72) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Inverse probability weighting | Probability weights within resampling |
| Dunlap, 2018 (55) | Abstinence | 1 | Baseline observation carried forward | Imputation before resampling |
| Murphy, 2019 (49) | QALYs, abstinence | 1 | Inverse probability weighting | Probability weights within resampling |
| Rains, 2019 (61) | Abstinence, adverse events | 1 | Regression-based single imputation | Imputation before resampling |
Abbreviations: N/A, not applicable; QALY, quality-adjusted life year.
a Abstinence included longest days of abstinence, time to drug use, and continuous measures of abstinence; adverse event indicates acute psychiatric admissions.
b Single imputation indicates regression or matching based on participant characteristics.
c Imputation before resampling in the resampling method combination column applied to single, mean, assumption, and carry-forward methods.