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. 2022 Oct 19;44(1):121–137. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxac010

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Directed acyclic graphs showing possible relationships between outcomes and assessments. Shaded nodes represent unobserved data. (A) Independence: assessment times independent of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomology—Self-Rated (QIDS-SR). (B) Baseline covariate dependence: assessment times and QIDS-SR conditionally independent given baseline. (C) Conditionally independent given baseline covariate and previously observed (Obs) outcomes. (D) Shared random effect/baseline covariate dependence. (E) Correlated random effects/baseline covariate dependence. (F) Correlated random effects/baseline; covariate/previous uutcome dependence. (G) Unobserved outcome ependence. if assessment occurs on day j; otherwise, it is missing.

Inline graphic — Directed acyclic graphs showing possible relationships between outcomes and assessments. Shaded nodes represent unobserved data. (A) Independence: assessment times independent of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomology—Self-Rated (QIDS-SR). (B) Baseline covariate dependence: assessment times and QIDS-SR conditionally independent given baseline. (C) Conditionally independent given baseline covariate and previously observed (Obs) outcomes. (D) Shared random effect/baseline covariate dependence. (E) Correlated random effects/baseline covariate dependence. (F) Correlated random effects/baseline; covariate/previous uutcome dependence. (G) Unobserved outcome ependence. if assessment occurs on day j; otherwise, it is missing.